The alpha-hemolysin structural gene, hly+, previously cloned, insertionally inactivated, and introduced into the chromosome by allele replacement (M.O. O'Reilly, J.C.S. De Azavedo, S. Kennedy, and T.J. Foster, Microb. Pathog. 1:125-138, 1986), was shown by protoplast fusion and transformation to be in the gene order purC-hly-uraB-omega[chr::Tn916]1101-thrB on the chromosome of Staphylococcus au...

Background Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a major cause of food poisoning in many countries. The rapid cases of this agent in recent years made it become an important etiology. However, the relationship between strains isolated from environment, food and clinical samples is still unclear. The presence of antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors such as tdh (thermostable direct hemolysin), trh...

Received 6 January 2015; accepted 5 November 2015; published online 6 May 2016; doi:10.1038/nbt.3423 and together with Sergey Bezrukov at the US National Institutes of Health (NIH), had established the conditions that were necessary to avoid spontaneous gating (pore closure) of the a-hemolysin channel3. This was important, because spontaneous gating would have hindered, or confused, observation...

background and objectives: bordetella species colonize the respiratory tract of mammals and thereby cause the whooping cough. most of the species produce adenylate cyclase - a toxin ( hemolysin ) responsible for increasing intracellular cyclic amp (camp) levels in mammalian neutrophils and macrophages and as a consequence their phagocytic function get impaired . this study was carried out to is...

Strains of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from skin infections of common freshwater fish in Bangladesh were tested for enterotoxin production, hemolysin production, and any correlation between these two activities. We also tested the resistance patterns of A. hydrophila to different drugs, especially in relation to ampicillin. The A. hydrophila strains produced an enterotoxin that was related to...

Transcription of the hly operon of transmissible plasmids in Escherichia coli is subject to a tight regulation which also involves various chromosomal genes, such as hha. We have identified a 200-bp region within the hlyC gene, designated hlyM, which modulates hemolysin expression. The deletion of hlyM increased the activity of hly::galK fusion 20-fold. hlyM does not contain any internal promot...

We examined the effects of tigecycline on three types of exoproteins, α-type phenol-soluble modulins (PSMα1 to PSMα4), α-hemolysin, and protein A, in 13 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates compared to those of clindamycin and linezolid. Paradoxical increases in PSMαs occurred in 77% of the isolates with tigecycline at 1/4 and 1/8 MICs and clindamycin at 1/8 MIC compared to only...

We describe an efficient and easy procedure that allows the generation, detection and secretion of foreign proteins by the secretion apparatus of E. coli hemolysin. The gene (or gene fragment) encoding the foreign protein (or protein domain) is inserted in-frame into a residual portion of the hemolysin gene (hlyA), encoding the HlyA secretion signal (HlyAs). Generally, the expressed fusion is e...

It is evident that there are numerous interacting factors which affect streptolysin in the presence of fermented sugars. The principal action is the change in the metabolism of the streptococcus by which more carbohydrate and less protein is utilized; although the growth is much increased there is proportionately less hemolysin. The acid developed in these cultures not only lessens the vitality...

gene (tdh) and the thermostable direct hemolysin-related hemolysingene (blh) of Vibrio parahaemolyticus by polymerase chain reaction. Mol. Cell. Probes, 6, 477-487. 3. Sugiyama, A., Nakano, Y., Iwade, Y., Yamauchi, A., Nakayama, 0., Matsumoto, T., Kou, Y., Ito, T., Nishinaka, T. and Shoji, T. (1 999): Isolation of thermostable direct hemolysin-producing Vibrio parahaemolyticusfrom food implicat...