The forest ecology literature is rife with debate about how to: (i) define a ‘forest’ and distinguish it from similar systems, such as woodlands, savannas, parklands or plantations; (ii) identify transitions from ‘forested’ to ‘non-forested’ states and, most challengingly; (iii) quantify intensities of degradation. Here we argue that past attempts to define forests and forest degradation, focus...

one of the most visible aspects of a forest stand structure is the spatial patterns of trees. competition affects on forest structure and its understanding is important, when the purpose of forest management is to imitate the dynamic of natural ecosystems. for this purpose, an unmanaged intact forest was selected with 26 hectares area. all chestnut leaf oak (quercus castaneifolia) trees with a ...

any defects in street trees may cause injuries to human, vehicles and buildings. this research was investigated in the babol city, mazandaran province, in the northern state of iran.used the perfect inventory methods and measured the diameter at breathe height (dbh), height and hazardous criteria (dead woods, cracks or seams, decay, wound or cankers, root problems, weak branch unions and skew f...

Coastal freshwater forested wetlands are rapidly transitioning from forest to marsh, leaving behind many standing dead trees (snags) in areas often called ‘ghost forests’. Snags can act as conduits for soil produced greenhouse gases (GHG) and also be sources they decompose. Thus, snags have the potential contribute GHGs atmosphere, but emissions not well understood. We assessed GHG (carbon diox...

evaluating the population density and spatial pattern of infected trees are one of the important criteria for selecting the management method and epidemiology of forest diseases. this study aimed at assessing the damage intensity and spatial-temporal mortality patterns of oak in qoroq forest park, golestan province. the health of oak trees was evaluated in seven transects by using quarter-point...