Forest structure is a useful proxy for carbon stocks, ecosystem function and species diversity, but it not well characterised globally. However, Earth observing sensors, operating in various modes, can provide information on different components of forests enabling improved understanding their variations thereof. The Ice, Cloud Elevation Satellite (ICESat) Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLA...

Satellite-retrieved aerosol optical properties have been extensively used to estimate ground-level fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations in support of air pollution health effects research and air quality assessment at the urban to global scales. However, a large proportion, ~70%, of satellite observations of aerosols are missing as a result of cloud-cover, surface brightness, and snow...

Abstract. The atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) defines the volume of air adjacent to Earth's surface for dilution heat, moisture, and trace substances. Quantitative knowledge on temporal spatial variations in heights ABL its sub-layers is still scarce, despite their importance a series applications (including, example, quality, numerical weather prediction, greenhouse gas assessment, renewable ...

Sixteen-year (1998–2013) climatology of cirrus clouds and their macrophysical (base height, top height and geometrical thickness) and optical properties (cloud optical thickness) observed using a ground-based lidar over Gadanki (13.5 N, 79.2 E), India, is presented. The climatology obtained from the ground-based lidar is compared with the climatology obtained from 7 and a half years (June 2006–...

In this study, constant-ductility optimization algorithm under a family of earthquake ground motions is utilized to achieve uniform damage distribution over the height of steel moment resisting frames (SMRFs). SMRF structures with stiffness-degrading hysteric behavior are modeled as single-bay generic frame in which the plastic hinge is confined only at the beam ends and the bottom of the first...

Data on chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) nesting patterns were collected in Issa, Ugalla, western Tanzania. Ugalla is one of the driest, most open, and seasonal habitats inhabited by chimpanzees. We investigated the physical characteristics of nests and trees used for nesting to understand environmental influences on nest building and identify the characteristics preferred by the chimpanzees and th...