Flight in rain represents a greater challenge for smaller animals because the relative effects of water loading and drop impact are greater at reduced scales given the increased ratios of surface area to mass. Nevertheless, it is well known that small volant taxa such as hummingbirds can continue foraging even in extreme precipitation. Here, we evaluated the effect of four rain intensities (i.e...

Contamination of toxic metals in the aquatic environment is one of the most debated problems in the world with industrial development. Thus, the minimization and recovery of harmful pollutants such as heavy metals in natural environment is very significant [1]. Various treatment technologies such as ion exchange, precipitation, ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis and electrodialysis have been used...

Jing Sun 1,*, Zheng Shi 2, Jian Chai 3, Guirong Xu 1 and Ben Niu 4 1 Hubei Key Laboratory for Heavy Rain Monitoring and Warning Research, Institute of Heavy Rain, China Meteorological Administration, Wuhan 430205, China; [email protected] 2 Key Laboratory for Aerosol Cloud-Precipitation, China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 21004...

In this article the heavy metal concentrations in atmospheric wet precipitation and its relationship with the particles (PM10) in the air of the city of Zanjan are reported. Two hundreds samples of rain water and snow were collected with 45 particle samples collected monthly. Heavy metals in wet and dry samples were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometery. The use of enrichment facto...

Common technologies for heavy metal removal are membrane separation, ion exchange, electro-deposition, and chemical precipitation. These methods prove to be costly and inept, especially in removing trace amounts of heavy metals [2]. Another disadvantage is the production of sludge or mud, which requires proper disposal and confi nement [3]. On the other hand, adsorption eff ectively removes con...

This paper discusses the development and application of a model that predicts the behavior and transport of heavy metals in the environment. The model, called the Heavy Metal Leaching (HML) model, uses the direct substitution approach (DSA) for simulating oneand threedimensional multi-component solute transport in groundwater and soils. The model has the ability to treat equilibrium reactions o...

During the 24-hour period ending 1230 GMT May 13, 1957 moderate to heavy convective-type rain occurrecl over a large portion of north central Texas. In consideration of the type of prec.ipitation, amounts were not unusually large, ranging from 1 to 5 inches (fig. 1). However, the most interesting feature was that the rainfall area was well organized and locat,ed in an area where the surface is...

2. Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing,10086 Abstract Using OTT-Parsivel Laser Particle Spectrometer at Nanjing in East China, several times heavy rain droplet scale & velocity spectral data aquatic from Mt. Lushan weather stations (elevation 1300meters) Compared to the plain deep convective clouds heavy precipitation, the rain droplet size distribution (DSD) with two elevation ...

Continuous rainfall measurements from groundbased radars are crucial for monitoring and forecasting heavy rainfall-related events such as floods and landslides. However, complete coverage by ground-based radars is often hampered by terrain blockage and beam-related errors. In this study, we presented a method to fill the radar gap using surrounding radar-estimated precipitation and observations...