This paper investigates the effects of checks and balances on corruption. Within a presidential system, effective separation of powers is achieved under a divided government, with the executive and legislative branches being controlled by different political parties. When government is unified, no effective separation exists even within a presidential system, but, we argue, can be partially res...

We present a study of the effects of disk and memory corruption on file system data integrity. Our analysis focuses on Sun’s ZFS, a modern commercial offering with numerous reliability mechanisms. Through careful and thorough fault injection, we show that ZFS is robust to a wide range of disk faults. We further demonstrate that ZFS is less resilient to memory corruption, which can lead to corru...

Corruption is costly for developing nations’ economies, but scholars and policy makers do not fully understand who bears the cost of corruption. We conduct a field experiment in Malawi to determine the impacts of political connections, socioeconomic status, and shared ethnicity on the degree of corruption a citizen encounters across two contexts – police roadblocks and electricity service offic...

background one of the main objectives of health systems is the financial protection against out-of-pocket (oop) health expenditures. oop health expenditures can lead to catastrophic payments, impoverishment or poverty among households. in iran, health sector evolution plan (hsep) has been implemented since 2014 in order to achieve universal health coverage and reduce the oop health expenditures...

a University of Cardiff, Department of Epidemiology, Statistics and Public Health, Cardiff, Wales. Correspondence to this author (email: [email protected]). b National Public Health Service for Wales, Cardiff, Wales. Ref. No. 06-036251 There is an old military saying: “Armchair generals talk strategy, professionals talk logistics”. Much health sector policy reform is driven less by evidence tha...

Building on an institutionalist framework of the various organizational field-level pressures on firms to engage with the challenge of corruption, we analyse anti-corruption disclosures across a sample of 933 sustainability reports. Such reporting complements anti-corruption initiatives, as it allows the company to demonstrate its commitment. Our results show clear countryand sector-level diffe...

Many regard corruption to be detrimental to international trade. Some, however, think that corruption greases commerce in case of low-quality institutions. Others argue that arbitrary corruption is more damaging to trade than predictable corruption. This is the first paper to test these hypotheses empirically with trade-related measures of corruption. It finds that in general, corruption is det...

background: health information system (his) has been utilized for collecting, processing, storing, and transferring the required information for planning and decision‑making at different levels of health sector to provide quality services. in this study, in order to provide high‑quality his, primary health care (phc) providers’ perspective on current challenges and barriers were investigated. m...

Corruption, Networking and Foreign Ownership: Recent Evidence from CEE Countries The present paper argues that the effect of corruption on foreign ownership is not necessarily linear and depends on the level of host corruption. So long as the expected returns from foreign investments exceed its expected costs, higher host corruption will be associated with higher foreign ownership. However, cos...