Health insurance, as we generally think of it in the United States, began with the Great Depression in the 1930s. In this chapter, we review the history of health insurance and demonstrate how that history is linked to current health insurance developments. Predating private health insurance were efforts at government-sponsored coverage for workplace injury and a tradition of industrial sicknes...

To be clear on this subject, it has to be stressed that the financial difficulties of the public institutions and health insurance funds ought not to be the reason for deviating from the achieved high health standards. A deterioration in health care leads to more sick-leaves, increased health-related early retirements and impaired performance on the job, which in turn is not only a humanitarian...

We study how the strategies and performance of an asset management company are affected by its internal organizational structure. Relying on Stein’s (2002) theory of organizations, we argue that a more hierarchical structure reduces the incentives to collect “soft” information and to engage in proximity investment. This should lower portfolio concentration, increase managerial herding and reduc...

A significant contributing factor to the Financial Crisis of 2007–2009 was the apparent interconnectedness among hedge funds, banks, brokers, and insurance companies, which amplified shocks into systemic events. In this paper, we propose five measures of systemic risk based on statistical relations among the market returns of these four types of financial institutions. Using correlations, cross...

Recent studies have focused on the positive association between family income and child health. Part of this relationship is explained by the increased frequency and higher morbidity of chronic medical conditions in poorer children. While previous studies have looked at some general reasons why this association may hold – parents’ education, insurance status, and health at birth to name a few –...

the protection of households against catastrophic medical payment always has been one of the most important objectives in any health care system. this study assessed the performance of iranian health insurance schemes in protection the patients against catastrophic medical payment. this is an analytical study which performed in a cross sectional design on 400 patients that hospitalized in selec...

Countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) of the World Health Organization have never been as committed as they are today to ensure that all people have access to needed health services without the risk of financial hardship – the message of universal health coverage (UHC) (1). The average share of out-of-pocket payments for EMR countries stands at around 40% and in some countries is ...

introduction: in iran health insurance is a significant tool in healthcare costs, financing health care and equal access to health services for people. problems between hospitals and insurance organizations impose extra cost to the patient, leading to financial losses they will infringe upon the rights of patients. this study aimed to determine the issues between hospitals and basic insurance o...