Between 1900 and 1930 typhoid fever other waterborne diseases were largely eradicated from U.S. cities. This achievement required a mix of technological, scientific, economic, bureaucratic innovations. article examines how the interaction those forces influenced water sanitary infrastructure provision during 19th early 20th centuries. I document sharp link between investments declines in diseas...

Structural health monitoring (SHM) plays a vital role in ensuring the integrity, safety, and reliability of civil engineering infrastructure. With increasing complexity aging structures, need for effective systems has become paramount. This abstract presents an overview field structural monitoring, highlighting its significance exploring various techniques technologies used infrastructure.The o...

Structural health monitoring (SHM) is a term increasingly used in the last decade to describe a range of systems implemented on full-scale civil infrastructures and whose purposes are to assist and inform operators about continued 'fitness for purpose' of structures under gradual or sudden changes to their state, to learn about either or both of the load and response mechanisms. Arguably, vario...

Based on the World Health Organization's Mental Health Atlas, the first Mental and Social Health Atlas in Saudi Arabia describes the historical background of mental health and social services in the country and identifies several deficiencies in the system including infrastructure and logistics and lack of epidemiological data. There is now great progress in strategic planning for developing an...

Health systems with strong primary care orientations are known to be associated with improved equity, better access for patients to appropriate services at lower costs, and improved population health. Team-based models of primary care have emerged in response to health system challenges due to complex patient profiles, patient expectations and health system demands. Successful team-based models...

The purpose of the present study is to identify the motivators and the barriers of using Mashhad’s Bicycle Sharing System. Bicycle sharing systems (BSS) are carried out in different ways, so each system has specific features and conditions. The authors of this paper have used a qualitative approach with a thematic analysis method for an in-depth analysis of the motivators and barriers of Mashha...