Graphene oxide (GO) is currently developed for biomedical applications as a promising nanoplatform drug delivery, phototherapy, and biosensing. As consequence, its safety cytotoxicity issues have attracted extensive attention. It has been demonstrated that GO causes an increase of intracellular oxidative stress, likely leading to inhibition cell proliferation. Being one the main reductive subst...

background: diazinon (dzn) is one of the most organophosphates (ops) insecticides that widely used in agriculture and industry. some ops are capable to produce free radicals and induce malfunction in body antioxidant systems. enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (sod), catalase (cat) and glutathione s-transferase (gst) and glutathione (gsh) normally counteract da...

Enhanced oxidative stress contributes to endothelial dysfunction via the apoptotic induction of endothelial cells (ECs). However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying its important effect remain unclear. Here, we evaluated the effects of exogenous hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) on cell growth and death in ECs such as calf pulmonary artery endothelial cells (CPAECs) and human umbilical vein...

Glutamate induced glutathione (GSH) depletion in C6 rat glioma cells, which resulted in cell death. This cell death seemed to be apoptosis through accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or hydroperoxides representing cytochrome c release from mitochondria and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation. A significant increase of 12-lipoxygenase enzyme activity was observed in the presence of arac...

In this research, we investigated the cytotoxic mechanisms of one of the widely used pharmaceuticals that are regularly associated with the adverse effects on the liver, sometimes leading to acute liver failure, diclofenac. Diclofenac liver cytotoxicity was associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and lipid peroxidation which were inhibited by antioxidants and ROS scavengers, fer...

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HCV core protein are hypothesized to induce hepatic oxidative stress and exacerbate injury caused by other toxins such as ethanol that induce the cytochrome P450 enzyme, CYP2E1. In the current study, the effects of HCV core protein [sequence genotype 1b, (nt 342-915)] on parameters indicative of oxidative stress were evaluated in HepG2 cells stably over expressing CY...

Glutathione (GSH) depletion has been an important contributor to the dysfunction of dopamine neurons. Polyamidoamine-GSH (PAMAM-GSH) was synthesized and the delivery effect of GSH into PC12 cells was tested. MTT assessment for cytotoxicity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as nitrite oxide (NO) and intracelluar superoxide dismutase (SOD) detection for antioxidative ability were performe...

PURPOSE Lens glutathione synthesis knockout (LEGSKO) mouse lenses lack de novo glutathione (GSH) synthesis but still maintain >1 mM GSH. We sought to determine the source of this residual GSH and the mechanism by which it accumulates in the lens. METHODS Levels of GSH, glutathione disulfide (GSSG), and GSH-related compounds were measured in vitro and in vivo using isotope standards and liquid...