The potential effects of prenatal administration of dexamethasone (DEX) and postnatal treatment with 2-oxoglutaric acid (2-Ox) on postnatal development of connective tissue of farm animals were not examined experimentally. The aim of this study was to establish changes in morphological parameters of bone and articular and growth plate cartilages damaged by the prenatal action of DEX in piglets ...

Musculoskeletal injuries are frequently the reason children and adolescents seek care in the emergency department. In the skeletally immature patient, injury to the open growth plate can occur. When missed or mismanaged, these injuries can result in growth plate arrest. The emergency physician needs to remain vigilant for these injuries. This review article examines the clinical presentation, d...

We have investigated the process of somatic-type cytokinesis in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) meristem cells with a three-dimensional resolution of approximately 7 nm by electron tomography of high-pressure frozen/freeze-substituted samples. Our data demonstrate that this process can be divided into four phases: phragmoplast initials, solid phragmoplast, transitional phragmoplast, and ring...

Long bone development depends on endochondral bone formation, a complex process requiring exquisite balance between hypertrophic cartilage (HC) formation and its ossification. Dysregulation of this process may result in skeletal dysplasias and heterotopic ossification. Endochondral ossification requires the precise orchestration of HC vascularization, extracellular matrix remodeling, and the re...

Transform faults at mid-ocean ridges--one of the most striking, yet enigmatic features of terrestrial plate tectonics--are considered to be the inherited product of preexisting fault structures. Ridge offsets along these faults therefore should remain constant with time. Here, numerical models suggest that transform faults are actively developing and result from dynamical instability of constru...

INTRODUCTION: Endochondral bone formation processes through cartilage formation and replacement of mineralizin g growth plate cartilage by bone. Growth plate chondrocytes undergo a series of differentiation events, including proliferation, hypertrophy, terminal differentiation and subsequent programmed cell death (apoptosis). Terminal differentiation of growth plat e chondrocytes is a crucial p...

the effect of steel plate thickness on the repair effectiveness of rc beam is presented in this paper. a total of four beams were tested, one beam repaired by cfrp with a thickness of 1.2 mm and used as a control beam, and three beams repaired by a steel plate. steel plates with a thickness of 2 mm, 3 mm, and 4 mm were used in repairing the beams. the maximum load-carrying capacity, deflection ...

In the 1960s-1980s, determination of bacterial growth rates was an important tool in microbial genetics, biochemistry, molecular biology, and microbial physiology. The exciting technical developments of the 1990s and the 2000s eclipsed that tool; as a result, many investigators today lack experience with growth rate measurements. Recently, investigators in a number of areas have started to use ...

Existing knowledge of growth patterns in the living fetal human brain is based upon in utero imaging studies by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound, which describe overall growth and provide mainly qualitative findings. However, formation of the complex folded cortical structure of the adult brain requires, in part, differential rates of regional tissue growth. To better understand ...

Fig. 1. X-ray of left forearm and hand showing osteosclerosis, ‘bone in bone’ appearance of shaft, fracture both bones, fraying and early cupping of metaphysis and widening of ‘physis’, the growth plate and absence of carpal bones. pathological fractures with ‘bone in bone’ appearance, increase in medullary density, defective metaphyseal remodeling with fraying and early cupping and widening of...