Nowadays, multiwavelength lasers are of great interest for telecommunications and sensors multiplexing. These lasers also have a great potential in the fiber-optic test and measurement of WDM components. The requirements for such optical sources are: a high number of channels over large wavelength span, moderate output powers (of the order of 100μW per channel) with good optical signal to noise...

Abstract Rudolf Kjellén (1864–1922) discusses the birth, death, and possible rebirth of state as a ‘living organism’. His concept nation , based on Renan, voluntary community is linked to attainment statehood. Poland an example in this discussion, beginning his book Stormakterna – The Great Powers 1905, with under subjugation by three these powers, continuing Staten som lifsform 1916 where poss...

In the early twentieth century, with collapse of Tsarist government and Bolsheviks coming to power, North Caucasian independence struggle became inextricable. This article examines role great power competition in movement century. Focusing on events between 1917 1920, this study analyses how relations among powers local actors region shaped directed course region. It explains difficulties that ...

Post-modernism and recent critical theory has sought to deconstruct the role of particular ‘Great Traditions’ and ‘Grand Narratives’ as privileged accounts of world affairs, contemporary and historical. In spite of this, such narratives, even if poorly understood, remain at the heart of much public debate and continue to shape national and global policies. These traditions, linked to elements o...

In this paper we study the impact of variance estimation on a receiver, where the soft information provided by the channel decoder is utilized in the multiuser detection. Specifically, we consider a receiver structure that resembles the structure of an iterative decoder for a serially concatenated code, but where the inner constituent decoder is replaced by an interference cancellation (IC) uni...