BACKGROUND Oxidized glutathione (GSSG) is the preferred form for industrial mass production of glutathione due to its high stability compared with reduced glutathione (GSH). In our previous study, over-expression of the mitochondrial thiol oxidase ERV1 gene was the most effective for high GSSG production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells among three types of different thiol oxidase genes. RES...

Kombu RS, Zhang GF, Abbas R, Mieyal JJ, Anderson VE, Kelleher JK, Sanabria JR, Brunengraber H. Dynamics of glutathione and ophthalmate traced with H-enriched body water in rats and humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 297: E260–E269, 2009. First published April 28, 2009; doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00080.2009.—We developed a LC-MS-MS assay of the H labeling of free glutathione (GSH) and bound glutathi...

We have pursued our findings of glutathione reductase (GSSG-R) deficiency and disturbed glutathione in cancer patients treated with 1,3-bis-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU), by investigating how thiol metabolism, cell proliferation, and the nitrosourea interact in human K562 leukemia. Fasting cells arrested in G greatly increased their reduced glutathione (GSH) in response to growth factors...

Glutathione and disease GSH is the most abundant intracellular non-protein thiol and has been implicated in many cellular functions including detoxification, synthesis, cell-cycle regulation, regulation of gene expression, protection of proteins and other cellular components, and as an antioxidant [l-41. It can scavenge free radicals and electrophiles nonenzymically, as well as detoxify xenobio...

De Cavanagh, Elena M. V., Felipe Inserra, León Ferder, and César G. Fraga. Enalapril and captopril enhance glutathione-dependent antioxidant defenses in mouse tissues. Am. J. Physiol. Regulatory Integrative Comp. Physiol. 278: R572–R577, 2000.—The effect of enalapril and captopril on total glutathione content (GSSG 1 GSH) and seleniumdependent glutathione peroxidase (Se-GPx) and glutathione red...

Canalicular glutathione secretion provides the major driving force for bile acid-independent bile flow (BAIF), although the pathways involved are not established. The hypothesis that GSH efflux proceeds by a route functionally distinct from the high-affinity, low-capacity, mrp2-mediated pathway was tested by using perfused rat liver and three choleretic compounds that modify biliary secretion o...

PURPOSE Bisretinoids such as A2E that accumulate as components of the lipofuscin of retinal pigment epithelial cells are implicated in some retinal disease processes. These compounds undergo light-induced oxidation and cleavage with the latter releasing of a mixture of aldehyde-bearing fragments, including dicarbonyl methylglyoxal. We tested for the reactivity of photooxidation and photodegrada...

Vitamin E is an antioxidant that has been demonstrated to improve insulin action. Glutathione, another natural antioxidant, may also be important in blood pressure and glucose homeostasis, consistent with the involvement of free radicals in both essential hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Our group has recently suggested that the effects of reduced glutathione on glucose metabolism may be med...

Glutathione (GSH), a sulfhydryl-containing tripeptide present in most organisms at millimolar levels, plays a crucial role in redox homeostasis. Reactive cysteine residues are vulnerable to reactive oxygen or nitrogen species and thus depend heavily on GSH to avoid irreversible oxidation. Reversible conjugation of GSH to proteins through the formation of mixed disulfide bonds is termed protein ...