A2aR Adenosine 2a receptor AD Alzheimer’s disease ALS Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis cAMP Cyclic adenosine monophosphate CAPE Phenethyl ester of caffeic acid CCC Cancer controls CI Confidence interval CNS Central nervous system CSP Cortical silent period GABA Gamma-aminobutyric acid GFAP Glial fibrillar acidic protein GLT1 Glial glutamate transporter 1 GP General practitioner LPS Lipopolysacchar...

Objective(s):Melatonin is known as an anti-inflammatory agent, and it has been proven to exert neuroprotection through inhibition of cell death (apoptosis) in several models of brain injury.Secondary injury following the primary traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in glial cells activation, especially astrocytes. In fact, astrocyte activation causes the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines...

Glial cells extrude acid equivalents to maintain pHi. Although four mechanisms have been described so far, pHi-control under physiological conditions is still not sufficiently explained. We therefore investigated whether a H+-translocating ATPase is involved in glial pHi homeostasis using an established glial cell line (C6 glioma). In the absence of bicarbonate, the inhibition of H+-ATPases by ...

Glial cells of both vertebrate and invertebrate organisms must migrate to final target regions in order to ensheath and support associated neurons. While recent progress has been made to describe the live migration of glial cells in the developing pupal wing (1), studies of Drosophila glial cell migration have typically involved the examination of fixed tissue. Live microscopic analysis of moti...

Microglia is considered the only cell population of mesodermal origin, which comprises 10% of the cells in brain parenchyma. Recent neural stem cell (NSC) studies demonstrate that the brain has regenerative potential. NSCs do not give rise to microglial cells, however indicating that NSCs alone cannot complete the regenetion of the brain. Although the role of microglia is not fully understood, ...

Normal spermatogenesis is essential for reproduction and depends on proper spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) function. Genes and signaling pathways that regulate SSC function have not been well defined. We report that glial cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) signaling through the RET tyrosine kinase/GFRA1 receptor complex is required for spermatogonial self-renewal in mice. GFRA1 and RET...