Materials circulation in Earth’s mantle will be modified if partial melting occurs in the transition zone. Melting in the transition zone is plausible if a significant amount of incompatible components is present in Earth’s mantle. We review the experimental data on melting and melt density and conclude that melting is likely under a broad range of conditions, although conditions for dense melt...

Derivation of geophysical parameters from satellite measured brightness-temperature (TB) is an important aspect of satellite remote sensing. Primarily, this involves development of complex inversion algorithms and empirical relations comprising TB and in situ data for parameter retrieval and algorithm validation. In the present work, an Artificial Neural Network model has been attempted to simu...

There is enough power in Earth’s winds to be a primary source of near-zero-emission electric power as the global economy continues to grow through the twenty-first century. Historically, wind turbines are placed on Earth’s surface, but high-altitude winds are usually steadier and faster than nearsurface winds, resulting in higher average power densities1. Here, we use a climate model to estimat...

Progress in Probability 49(2001), 241-256. The quasigeostrophic model describes large scale and relatively slow fluid motion in geophysical flows. We investigate the quasigeostrophic model under random forcing and random boundary conditions. We first transform the model into a partial differential equation with random coefficients. Then we show that, under suitable conditions on the random forc...

The stochastics two-layer quasi-geostrophic flowmodel is an intermediate system between the single-layer two dimensional barotropic flow model and the continuously stratified three dimensional baroclinic flow model. This model is widely used to investigate basic mechanisms in geophysical flows, such as baroclinic effects, the Gulf Stream and subtropical gyres. A large deviation principle for th...

Neural networks are increasingly popular in geophysics. Because they are universal approximators, these tools can approximate any continuous function with an arbitrary precision. Hence, they may yield important contributions to finding solutions to a variety of geophysical applications. However, knowledge of many methods and techniques recently developed to increase the performance and to facil...

Recently developed closure-based and stochastic model approaches to subgrid-scale modelling of eddy interactions are reviewed. It is shown how statistical dynamical closure models can be used to self-consistently calculate the eddy damping and stochastic backscatter parameters, required in large eddy simulations (LESs), from higher resolution simulations. A closely related direct stochastic mod...

Cloud system resolving model study of the roles of deep convection for photo-chemistry in the TOGA COARE/CEPEX region M. Salzmann, M. G. Lawrence, V. T. J. Phillips, and L. J. Donner Max-Planck-Institute for Chemistry, Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, P.O. Box 3060, 55020 Mainz, Germany Department of Meteorology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2525 Correa Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA Geoph...