In the second half of XIX century . Russia pursued an active policy in Central Asian khanates, firmly determined to move its border beyond a wide strip deserts and semi-deserts. At same time, rivalry between Russian British Empires for influence control over khanates unfolded. It was political, diplomatic geopolitical duel, so-called “Big Game”, which intelligence played one main roles. To fulf...

Two hundred and sixty-three subjects each gave examples for one of five geographic categories: geographic features , geographic objects, geographic concepts, something geographic, and something that could be portrayed on a map. The frequencies of various responses were significantly different, indicating that the basic ontological terms feature, object, etc., are not interchangeable but carry d...

Cognitive categories in the geographic realm appear to manifest certain special features as contrasted with categories for objects at surveyable scales. We have argued that these features reflect specific ontological characteristics of geographic objects. This paper presents hypotheses as to the nature of the features mentioned, reviews previous empirical work on geographic categories, and pres...

Geographic Information Task (GeoTask) is one of the newly proposed tasks at the NTCIR-4 WEB. Geographic information is close to our daily lives, and is one of the real ways to access Web information. Researches and developments of such aspects have been increasing recently, however, comparative evaluations of such kinds of techniques has not been carried out so far. GeoTask focused on the techn...

Demand for up-to-date geographic data is increasing due to the fast growth of Geographic Information System (GIS) technology. GIS requires up-to-date data in order to provide reliable answers to geographic queries. Outdated or incomplete geographic data could generate misleading or simply incorrect answers. Traditionally, updating geographic data (map revision) has been considered an extension ...

Geographic routing consists in using the position information of nodes to assist in the routing process, and has been a widely studied subject in sensor networks. One of the outstanding challenges facing geographic routing has been its applicability. Authors either make some broad assumptions on an idealized version of wireless networks which are often unverifiable, or they use costly methods t...

Understanding how health outcomes are spatially distributed represents a first step in investigating the scale and nature of environmental influences on health and has important implications for statistical power and analytic efficiency. Using Australian and French cohort data, this study aimed to describe and compare the extent of geographic variation, and the implications for analytic efficie...