Associated with each data structure type is a separate iterator type, which allows you to visit each item in the container. In particular, an iterator abstracts away differences in specific container types, allowing you to view the collection simply as a sequence of items. A generic algorithm (for sorting, say) can be written in terms of an iterator, so that you can use the algorithm over any d...

BACKGROUND Generic drugs are considered therapeutically equivalent to their original counterparts and lower in acquisition costs. However, the overall impact of generic substitution (GS) on global clinical and economic outcomes has not been conclusively evaluated. OBJECTIVE To test whether (1) generics and original products yield the same health outcomes, and (2) generic therapies save econom...

The paper introduces a task model for the redesign of compositional knowledge-based systems based on a generic task model of design. A generic task model of design provides an abstract description of a design task and a generic structure which can be refined for design tasks in specific domains of application. A generic task model of design, shown to incorporate redesign, is presented and refin...

In today’s competitive world, there are several strategies to deal with the fast changing environment, among which New product development (NPD) is a common strategy. However, almost half of the resources that companies devote to NPD are spent on products that may fail. This issue is particularly highlighted in the pharmaceutical industry mainly because of a long development-time, low success r...

Generic H A SKELL exploits the promising new incarnation of generic programming due to Hinze. Apart from extending the programming language Haskell, Hinze-style polytypism offers a simple approach to defining generic functions which are applicable to types of all kinds. Here we explore a number of simple but significant extensions to Hinze’s ideas which make generic programming both more expres...