In this paper the physical basis for the design of an optical fibre sensor suited for aqueous medium and gas phase based on the excitation of an evanescent wave at the core/cladding interface is developed. The detection based on the refractive index changes (between 1.41 and 1.45) of the infinite dielectric medium which can be an electrolyte or a sol-gel polymer deposited on the uncladed part o...

Start of fuel injection and fuel type are two important factors affecting engine performance and exhaust emissions in internal combustion engines. In the present study, a one-dimensional computational fluid dynamics solution with GT-Power software is used to simulate a six-cylinder diesel engine to study the performance and exhaust emissions with different injection timing and alternative fuels...

A deep analysis of the Fuel Cells technologies state of the art has been done in this article. After a general description of the fuel cell base structure the six most important fuel cell technologies Polymeric Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC), Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFC), Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFC), Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC), Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC), Solid Oxide Fu...

Understanding the fire prediction capabilities of fuel models is vital to forest fire management. Various fuel models have been developed in the Great Xing'an Mountains in Northeast China. However, the performances of these fuel models have not been tested for historical occurrences of wildfires. Consequently, the applicability of these models requires further investigation. Thus, this paper ai...

Amorphous Si (a-Si)/crystalline Si (c-Si) heterojunction (SiHJ) can serve as highly efficient and robust photoelectrodes for solar fuel generation. Low carrier recombination in the photoelectrodes leads to high photocurrents and photovoltages. The SiHJ was designed and fabricated into both photoanode and photocathode with high oxygen and hydrogen evolution efficiency, respectively, by simply co...

Hybridization of fuel cells with additional batteries or ultracapacitors in a fuel cell vehicle reduces electrical and mechanical stresses on fuel cells and improves the overall drive train efficiency over a standard drive cycle. This paper primarily analyzes hybrid fuel cell vehicles with different drive train arrangements, and compares projected fuel economies of hybrid fuel cell vehicles wit...

due to the deployment of military units in different provinces and different lands and areas in iran and doing many different missions, the amount of fuel consumption of vehicles is not only identical but also different. since the precise measurement of fuel consumption and estimating its needs are important, the factors affecting fuel consumption, military units, including temperature, humidit...

Direct fuel oxidization yields major fuel cell power system simplifications and potential performance advantages, particularly for an automotive power plant application. The system simplification is particularly striking when a direct fuel system is compared to an “indirect” fuel cell system in a vehicle (where the fuel on board must be “reformed” and “cleaned” to provide a hydrogen-rich gas “r...

nowadays, utilization of blended fuel in internal combustion engine is one of main topics in vehicle industries. the synergy effect will be highlighted when the potential of each fuel is employed and the engine performance will improve consequently.  in this research, the laminar flame speed of methane (main component of reference fuel for natural gas) and isooctane (main component of reference...