Touch gating, the attenuation of tactile sensitivity in the presence of pain, is a well-documented phenomenon, but its mechanism is unknown. The ability of pain to capture attention suggests that touch gating may be an example of distraction, but the fact that pain raises tactile but not auditory thresholds argues that touch gating is a form of somatosensory interaction. Therefore, the present ...

ClC-0 is a chloride channel whose gating is sensitive to voltage, chloride, and pH. In a previous publication, we showed that the K149C mutation causes a +70-mV shift in the voltage dependence of ClC-0 fast gating. In this paper we analyze the effects of a series of mutations at K149 on the voltage and chloride dependence of gating. By fitting our data to the previously proposed four-state mode...

Critical issues in modular or hierarchical reinforcement learning (RL) are (i) how to decompose a task into sub-tasks, (ii) how to achieve independence of learning of sub-tasks, and (iii) how to assure optimality of the composite policy for the entire task. The second and last requirements are often under trade-off. We propose a method for propagating the reward for the entire task achievement ...

Breathing motion leads to a significant displacement and deformation of organs in the abdominal region. This makes the detection of the breathing phase for numerous applications necessary. We propose a new, purely image-based respiratory gating method for ultrasound. Further, we use this technique to provide a solution for breathing affected 4D ultrasound acquisitions with a wobbler probe. We a...

© 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim 6023 wileyonlinelibrary.com Our work is inspired by passive transport across cell membranes, which offer an intriguing example of regulating membrane permeability based on transmembrane hydrophilic/hydrophobic interactions. [ 10 ] The cell membrane has a lipid bilayer structure consisting of hydrophilic phosphate outer layers and hydrophobic hyd...

Power gating is often used to reduce power of a system which is in the form of a finite state machine (FSM). Power gating can be applied to turn OFF the inactive sub-machine which is obtained after partitioning the FSM by gating the supply voltage. Adjustment of supply voltage of one submachine for ON to OFF or OFF to ON state needs time, called wakeup time which affects the partitioning of FSM...

We describe a method for evaluating the quality of respiratory-gated radiation delivery using a commercially available device. During irradiation, gating traces for one field for each treatment were extracted from the system for each of 14 patients. The data were then transferred to a spreadsheet. Software was developed to evaluate the following parameters: duty cycle, amplitude of fiducial mot...

Low power is one of the most important issues in today’s ASIC (Application Specific Intregated Circuit) design. As the transistor is scaled down, power density becomes high and there is urgent need of reduction in power. The clock gating is one of the most elegant and classic techniques for reduction of power. Clock gating can be implemented by using any of these three cells, (1) Latch based ce...