Differentiated T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 2 (Th2) T-cells show striking differences in their patterns of cytokine expression. This process is initiated by stimulation with antigen and the cytokines IL-12 and IL-4, respectively, and requires antigen-induced transcription factors such as NFAT and cytokine-induced transcription factors such as STAT4, induced by IL-12, and STAT6, induced by IL-4...

In April 2011, leading stem cell researchers from all over the world came together for the 6th International Meeting of the Stem Cell Network North Rhine Westphalia (www .kongress.stammzellen.nrw.de), organized by Hans Schöler (Münster), Oliver Brüstle (Bonn), and Peter Horn (Essen). Notably, more than 600 participants, presenting 136 posters, joined the congress in Essen attracted by the scien...

ences between placodes and neural crest (induction during different times of development; different developmental potential; regulation of differentiation and migration by largely nonoverlapping sets of transcription factors) this suggests that cranial placodes and neural crest cells have an independent developmental origin from non-neural and neural ectoderm, respectively. We currently perform...

ences between placodes and neural crest (induction during different times of development; different developmental potential; regulation of differentiation and migration by largely nonoverlapping sets of transcription factors) this suggests that cranial placodes and neural crest cells have an independent developmental origin from non-neural and neural ectoderm, respectively. We currently perform...

ences between placodes and neural crest (induction during different times of development; different developmental potential; regulation of differentiation and migration by largely nonoverlapping sets of transcription factors) this suggests that cranial placodes and neural crest cells have an independent developmental origin from non-neural and neural ectoderm, respectively. We currently perform...

T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are essential for efficient B cell responses, yet the factors that regulate differentiation of this CD4(+) T cell subset are incompletely understood. Here we found that the KLF2 transcription factor serves to restrain Tfh cell generation. Induced KLF2 deficiency in activated CD4(+) T cells led to increased Tfh cell generation and B cell priming, whereas KLF2 over...

Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) play critical roles in anti-helminth immunity, airway epithelial repair, and metabolic homeostasis. Recently, these cells have also emerged as key players in the development of allergic inflammation at multiple barrier surfaces. ILC2s arise from common lymphoid progenitors in the bone marrow, are dependent on the transcription factors RORα, GATA3, and TCF-1...