INTRODUCTION Mobile phones hold considerable promise for delivering evidence-based smoking cessation interventions that require frequent and objective assessment of smoking status via breath carbon monoxide (Breath CO) measurement. However, there are currently no commercially available mobile-phone-based Breath CO meters. We developed a mobile-phone-based Breath CO meter prototype that attaches...

Abstract At present, volume measurement is still used in transfer of natural gas China, so the calculation and management Unaccounted for Gas are based on measurement. With change method from to energy measurement, will be paid more attention. This paper investigates methods measures China other countries, compares research progress. The results show that: general principles countries basically...

Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) is the remote collection of consumption data from customer’s utility meters over telecommunications, radio, power line and other links. AMR provides water, electric and gas utility−service companies the opportunities to streamline metering, billing and collection activities, increase operational efficiency and improve customer service. Utility company uses technolo...

This chapter presents the various mechanisms and processes that come into play within the volcanic conduit for a broad range of effusive and dry explosive volcanic eruptions. Decompression during magma ascent causes volatiles to exsolve and form bubbles containing a supercritical fluid phase. Viscous magmas, such as rhyolite or crystal-rich magmas, do not allow bubbles to ascend buoyantly and m...

Errors that are commonly made in the quantification of biogas from anaerobic digestion experiments were investigated. For liquid displacement gasometers where a barrier solution separates the biogas and the atmosphere, inaccuracy due to gas diffusion was examined experimentally. Acidified saturated saline solution was the most suitable barrier solution, as biogas characteristics changed least w...

The digital technology, the wireless communication, and the computer systems have drastically changed the Electric meter generation from Traditional Meter to Automatic Meter. The differences is in how to collect and process information, and traditional meter reading has been long used, and it is still one of the most common ways for meter reading. This method, however, has their disadvantages w...

Energy meter reading is a monotonous and an expensive task. Now the meter reader people goes to each meter and take the meter reading manually to issue the bill which will later be entered in the billing software for billing and payment automation. If the manual meter reading and bill data entry process can be automated then it would reduced the laborious task and financial wastage. “Automatic ...

Oceanic gas hydrates have been measured near the seafloor for the first time using a seagoing Raman spectrometer at Hydrate Ridge, Oregon, where extensive layers of hydrates have been found to occur near the seafloor. All of the hydrates analyzed were liberated from the upper meter of the sediment column near active gas venting sites in water depths of 770– 780 m. Hydrate properties, such as st...

We have observed several infrared-luminous galaxies which are in the process of merging (Mkn 231, Arp 299, NGC 6240, NGC 520, and IRAS 17208-0014) at 1.2mm with the multi-channel bolometer at the IRAM 30-meter telescope. Such observations of the long-wavelength thermal dust emission provide an alternative to CO as a measure of the gas mass. Comparing the masses of gas determined from the dust e...

Since the electric generating, distributing and marketing has been possible; the Electric Meter was introduced and developed along the years, but never like this time. The digital technology, the wireless communication, and the computer systems have dramatically changed the Electric meter generation from Traditional Meter to Automatic Meter and now to Smart Meter. Their differences lie in how t...