In the tree reconciliation approach for species tree inference, a tree that has the minimum reconciliation score for given gene trees is taken as an estimate of the species tree. The scoring models used in existing tree reconciliation methods include the duplication, mutation, and deep coalescence costs. Since existing inference methods all are heuristic, their performances are often evaluated ...

Hofstede (1980) brought forth four cultural dimensions that became the most popular references in crosscultural studies later. These are individualism/ collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and masculinity/femininity. Later, he added a fifth dimension, the long term orientation in his thesis (Hofstede 2001). Research on organizational culture and its implication on human resource...

This paper focuses on an investigation of the quality student support services. The latter are important aspects in development a whole-person experience any educational system. In open distance learning (ODL) mode education, services even more as they anchors success. Based this, main purpose this is to observe possible gaps between students’ expectations (the ideal standard) and their experie...