Frost damage is one of the main reasons for decay concrete in cold regions, which affected by many factors such as freezing temperature, number freeze-thaw cycles (FTCs), pore and aggregate structure, FTCs presents a certain distribution characteristic. In view this, systematic prediction method was established multi-scale method. Firstly, behavior simulated micro-calculation Subsequently, micr...

in order to provide climatology atlas of frosts statistical properties of iran and to attain spatial and temporal pattern of it, daily data of minimum temperature of 62 synoptic weather stations for a 15 year-period (1991-2007) from october to may, were adopted from iran meteorological organization. by choosing may 1st as basis day, five statistical properties and their spatial and temporal dis...

A human skeleton was found in a forest after an aging time (laydays) of nearly three years. Surprisingly a larger number of living maggots crawled out of the medullary cavity of the humerus after sawing it longitudinally. Investigations of other long bones showed remnants of maggots, fly-pupas and maggot-excrements in similar cases. A humerus is found after an estimated aging time of over 100 y...

Aerial plant surfaces harbor large numbers of microbes, some of which are deleterious to plants whereas others are benign or beneficial. Commercial formulations of bacteria antagonistic to plant pathogenic microbes and ice nucleation active bacteria have been utilized as an environmentally safe method to manage plant disease and to prevent frost damage. Molecular genetic tools, microscopic exam...

Two major components of frost resistance are freezing tolerance in the nonacclimated state (growing in normal condition) and capacity to cold acclimate (increase in freezing tolerance upon exposure to chilling temperatures). In addition to these two major components, numerous factors contribute to frost survival. Although the rate of cold acclimation and deacclimation have been recognized as im...

Local adaptations to environmental conditions are of high ecological importance as they determine distribution ranges and likely affect species responses to climate change. Increased environmental stress (warming, extreme drought) due to climate change in combination with decreased genetic mixing due to isolation may lead to stronger local adaptations of geographically marginal than central pop...