The growth curves of strains belonging to genera Candida and Saccharomyces grown through surfaced and submerged cultivation and their survival after lyophilization have been studied. Conclusions of practical importance have been drawn. It was found out that three-day-old cultures cultivated in solid medium possessed maximal resistance to freeze-drying. Nevertheless the cultures obtained by subm...

BACKGROUND Bone substation grafts, such as hydroxyapatite (HA) and tricalciumphosphate (TCP), have been extensively used in clinical applications, but evidence suggests that they offer poor osteoinductive properties compared to allografts and autografts. In order to increase bone growth with such grafts, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 (BMP-2) was incorporated into a three dimensional reservoir. T...

Cold-hardy insects overwinter by one of two main strategies: freeze tolerance and freeze avoidance by supercooling. As a general model, many freeze-tolerant species overwinter in extreme climates, freeze above -10 degrees C via induction by ice-nucleating agents, and once frozen, can survive at temperatures of up to 40 degrees C or more below the initial freezing temperature or supercooling poi...

The disposal of Waste Activated Sludge is a major problem. The paper presents several disposal routes. The ultimate steps in these routes are indirect drying and subsequent incineration. Although the design of the indirect dryers is straightforward from a required heat input, operating temperature difference between sludge bed and heating medium and the heat transfer coefficient, this coefficie...

Chemical sanitizers are routinely used during commercial flume washing of fresh-cut leafy greens to minimize cross-contamination from the water. This study assessed the efficacy of five commercial sanitizer treatments against Escherichia coli O157:H7 on iceberg lettuce, in wash water, and on equipment during simulated commercial production in a pilot-scale processing line. Iceberg lettuce (5.4 ...

The technique of spray-freeze etching was applied to unicellular organisms. The superior freezing rates obtainable with this method gave excellent cryofixation on Chlorella, Euglena, and spermatozoa without the use of antifreeze agents, and cell damage due to ice crystal formation was never observed. In many instances the resultant morphology differed significantly from that obtained from glyce...