Based on the previous article 'Cellular Thermodynamics' (2004) by Joe Wolfe Article contents • Introduction • Equilibrium • Steady state • Heat, light, photons and 'useful energy' • Macroscopic and microscopic views • Distribution of molecules and energy: low energy vs. high entropy • Reaction rates and equilibria • Enthalpy • Gibbs free energy • Other equilibria • The chemical potential • Surf...

background one of the requirements of the osun state smoke-free legislation is to ensure smoke-free enclosed and partially enclosed workplaces. this survey was conducted to assess the knowledge and attitude of workers in indoor bars, beer parlors and discotheques to smoke-free legislation in general and the osun state smoke-free law in particular.   methods a convenience sampling of 36 hospital...

We provide a unified framework for the study of the allocation of a divisible resource from a planner to agents via intermediaries. Our framework incorporates several models ranging from the transmission of resources to agents connected in a network to the allocation of costs in spanning trees. Intermediaries are able to transmit the resource to a group of agents depending on the intermediaries...

In this paper we study the effects of a change in an exogenous variable (the fixed cost or a parameter in the demand function) on the output and the number of active firms in a Symmetric Cournot Equilibrium with Free Entry (SCEFE). The results obtained here are different from those obtained in the Cournot model with a given number of firms. In particular, an increase in demand might yield a dec...

All living cells transport molecules and ions across membranes, often against concentration gradients. This active transport requires continual energy expenditure and is clearly a non-equilibrium process for which standard equilibrium thermodynamics is not rigorously applicable. Here we derive a nonequilibrium effective potential that evaluates the per-particle transport energy invested by the ...