Fragmentation underlies numerous natural phenomena [1–5]. The quantity being “split” can be the mass, momentum, or the area, and typically, fragments continue splitting independently of each other. Examples include polymer degradation [6], breakup of liquid droplets [7] and atomic nuclei [8], martensitic transformations [9,10], shattering of solid objects [11,12], and meteor impacts. Fragmentat...

Although relationships between fragmentation of urban development and other forms of administrative and land cover fragmentation are important, they are poorly understood. This research aimed to better understand these relationships in order to inform land use planning in the Roaring Fork/Colorado River Corridor of Colorado. Change in fragmentation of urban development between 1985 and 1999 was...

This article introduces the notion of horizontal fragmentation to the data outsourcing area. In a horizontal fragmentation, rows of tables are separated (instead of columns for vertical fragmentation). We give a formula-based definition of confidentiality constraints and an implication-based definition of horizontal fragmentation correctness. Then we apply the chase procedure to decide this cor...

We compute the contributions to large-pT J/ψ production at HERA coming from fragmentation of gluons and charm quarks. We find that the charm quark fragmentation contribution dominates over the direct production of J/ψ via photon-gluon fusion at large-pT , while the gluon fragmentation is negligibly small over the whole range of pT . An experimental study of pT distributions of J/ψ at HERA will ...

There were no significant differences in the distribution of embryos reaching to 2cells, 4cells, morula or blastocysts culturing on human endometrial stromal cells (Secretory or proliferative phases). The percent of morula in stage A (without fragmentation), stage B (<25% fragmentation), stage C (25-50% fragmentation) and stage D (>50% fragmentation) and did not showed significant differences b...

Given the scarcity of land resources in most Chinese cities, the fragmentation of construction land use is a greater constraint than expansion for urban sustainability. Therefore, there is an urgent need to quantify the fragmentation level of construction land use for planning and managing practices. This study focuses on residential land use, which is one of the most important types of constru...

In this paper the relationship between three types of trade specialization is analyzed for the period 1990 to 2000. For nine East-Asian countries and the United States the developments in international fragmentation, export specialization and intra-industry specialization are investigated. Asian countries, and specifically China, now play a larger role in international trade. The formation of p...

Distributed Object Oriented Databases require class fragmentation, performed either horizontally or vertically. Complex class relationships like aggregation and/or association are often represented as two-way references or object-links between classes. In order to obtain a good quality horizontal fragmentation, an optimal class processing order is needed. We present in this paper a new techniqu...

In networks with unstable links fragmentation of a message into smaller pieces before transmission can reduce message blocking due to disrupted transmission and increase the utilization of contact durations; thus increasing the connectivity of the network for large messages. In this paper, we formalize message fragmentation in such networks, investigate the impact of fragmentation on message fo...