People often speak of success (e.g., "advance") and failure (e.g., "setback") as if they were forward versus backward movements through space. Two experiments sought to examine whether grounded associations of this type influence motor behavior. In Experiment 1, participants categorized success versus failure words by moving a joystick forward or backward. Failure categorizations were faster wh...

In this paper, we study the backward-forward algorithm as a splitting method to solve structured monotone inclusions, and convex minimization problems in Hilbert spaces. It has a natural link with the forward-backward algorithm and has the same computational complexity, since it involves the same basic blocks, but organized differently. Surprisingly enough, this kind of iteration arises when st...

We examine the time reversal symmetry of quantum measurement sequences by introducing a forward and backward Janus sequence of measurements. If the forward sequence of measurements creates a sequence of quantum states in time, starting from an initial state and ending in a final state, then the backward sequence begins with the time-reversed final state, exactly retraces the intermediate states...

Forward and backward blocking of taste preference learning was compared in rats. In the forward condition, thirsty rats were exposed to a flavor (A) in sucrose solution (+) or in water (-), after which they were exposed to A in compound with another flavor (B) in sucrose solution (i.e., AB+). In the backward condition, these phases were reversed. Consumption of B alone was assessed when rats we...

Recent efforts by C.-T. Tai to emphasize backward scattering within the makeup of the optical theorem are examined here from first principles. The present work exploits spectral field representations and a common asymptotic procedure so as to build up both the scattered fields and their contribution to the extinction integral. The result of all this is to reaffirm the strictly forward scatterin...

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to perform kinematic and kinetic analyses of the ankle during both forward and backward walking using three-dimensional motion analysis. [Subjects] The subjects were 11 healthy adults. [Methods] Measurements of forward and backward walking motions were taken using a three-dimensional motion analysis device and 3 ground reaction force plates. The analysis ...

the paper sets forth in detail categorically-algebraic or catalg foundations for the operations of taking the image and preimage of (fuzzy) sets called forward and backward powerset operators. motivated by an open question of s. e. rodabaugh, we construct a monad on the category of sets, the algebras of which generate the fixed-basis forward powerset operator of l. a. zadeh. on the next step, w...

A paired comparison digraph (abbreviated to PCD)D = (V,A) is a weighted digraph in which the sum of the weights of arcs, if any, joining two distinct vertices equals one. A one-to-one mapping α from V onto {1, 2, ..., |V |} is called a ranking ofD. For every ranking α, an arc vu ∈ A is said to be forward if α(v) < α(u), and backward, otherwise. The length of an arc vu is `(vu) = (vw)|α(v)− α(u)...

MOTIVATION Kinesin is a smart motor protein that steps processively forward and backward along microtubules (MTs). The mechanical kinetics of kinesin affecting its stepping behavior is not fully understood. Here, we propose a mathematical model to study the mechanical kinetics of forward and backward stepping of kinesin motor based on the four-state discrete stochastic model of the motor. RES...