Form perception with the tongue was studied with a 49-point electrotactile array. Five sighted adult human subjects (3M/2F) each received 4 blocks of 12 tactile patterns, approximations of circles, squares, and vertex-up equilateral triangles, sized to 4x4, 5x5, 6x6, and 7x7 electrode arrays. Perception with electrical stimulation of the tongue is better than with fingertip electrotactile stimu...

We rigorously model the option exercise and portfolio choice problem of optimistic executives. Our approach extends existing theoretical research by endogenizing both the executive’s investment in company stock and the timing of option exercise. We show that (i) option exercise is delayed by executive optimism and (ii) optimistic executives should not hold options beyond the optimal earlyexerci...

A powerful approach to finding errors in computer software is to translate a given program into a verification condition, a logical formula that is valid if and only if the program is free of the classes of errors under consideration. Finding errors in the program is then done by mechanically searching for counterexamples to the verification condition. This paper gives an overview of the techno...

1. Introduction Not all words, real or novel, are created equal — some sound better than others, either for phonological or for morphological reasons. That is, well-formedness is a gradient notion. One simple way to measure gradient well-formedness is through acceptability ratings. For example, native English speakers generally agree that there are several conceivable past tenses for the made-u...

This paper proposes a method of integrating two different concepts of belief in artificial intelligence: belief as a probability distribution and belief as a logical formula. The setting for the integration is a highly expressive logic. The integration is explained in detail, as its comparison to other approaches to integrating logic and probability. An illustrative example is given to motivate...

at the basis of worshiping by humans and all other being a deity is revealed. that means there is a god who is also the creator and the only one .he is beyond time and cannot be imagined in particular space. only the relationship of man with his god satisfies his need to worship, for this relationship is the way to reach to the presence of one god. reaching god does not come from man’s need to ...

We give the first mechanized proof of the fact that for showing termination of a term rewrite system, we may restrict to well-formed terms using just the function symbols actually occurring in the rules of the system. Or equivalently, termination of a term rewrite system is preserved under signature extensions. We did not directly formalize the existing proofs for this well-known result, but de...