Introduction: Uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) in the inner mitochondrial membrane changes the activity of KATP channels and the cell excitability, probably by decreasing the ATP production. Given the expression of UCP2 in primary afferent neurons, and the importance of these channels in morphine-induced analgesia, genipin, an UCP2 inhibitor, may affect these processes, when administrated intratheca...

Post operative pain and its control remains one of the most important issues in the field of surgery and health care system. Formalin test has been used as a method for assessing pain and analgesia in rats. Systemic and spinally administered clonidine, an ?2-adrenergic agonist, is proved to enhance postoperative analgesia. It has also been shown that morphine-dependent rats experience more chr...

Acetic acid-induced writhing, hot-plate, carrageenan-induced pleurisy, formalin-induced pain, croton oil-induced ear edema, vascular permeability tests and phospholipase A2 activity assay were used to study the analgesic and/or antiinflammatory activity of the hydromethanolic fraction of ethanolic extract from Spiranthera odoratissima A. St.-Hil., Rutaceae, leaves (HMF) and its subfraction (sub...

The analgesic efficacy of cholinergic agonists and anticholinesterase agents has been widely recognized. The analgesic effect obtained by activating cholinergic mechanisms, however, seems to depend on the experimental pain model utilized for its evaluation. The antinociceptive effect of intraspinal neostigmine was examined in rats submitted concurrently to the tail flick and formalin tests. Neo...

antidepressants are widely used for the treatment of various neuropathic pain conditions in humans. recent studies have demonstrated that bupropion is effective for the treatment of neuropathic pain. also antidepressants like bupropion showed anti-inflammatory properties. so in the present study, the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of bupropion in mice and rat were investigated. the ace...

Gelsemium elegans BENTH and its crude extract are widely used to treat pain in China despite its apparent toxicity. The analgesic effects of gelsenicine, an active component of G. elegans, however, have not been reported. The current study examined potential analgesic effects of subcutaneously injected gelsenicine using acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin-induced nociceptive behavior, and th...

results celecoxib reduced the pain behavior in both phases of the formalin test, but this antinociceptive effect was a dose-dependent manner in the late phase. rimonabant alone induced hyperalgesia as compared with the control group and pretreatment of rats with rimonabant reversed the analgesic activity of celecoxib. conclusions antinociceptive effect of celecoxib may be mediated partly throug...

Acupuncture and electro-acupuncture (EA) are now widely used to treat disorders like pain. We and others have shown previously that current frequency, intensity and treatment duration all significantly influence the anti-nociceptive effects of EA. There is evidence that stimulating sites also affect the antinociception, with EA applied ipsilaterally to the pain site being more effective under s...

Introduction: It has been shown that administration of WIN55,212-2, a cannabinoid receptor agonist, into the basolateral amygdala (BLA), dose-dependently increases the thermal latency to withdrawal in the tail-.ick test and decreases pain related behaviors in both phases of the formalin test. Recent human and animal imaging data suggest that the nucleus accumbens (NAc) is an important neural su...

The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) isoforms, ERK1 and ERK2, are believed to be key signaling molecules in nociception and nociceptive sensitization. Studies using inhibitors targeting the shared ERK1/2 upstream activator, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK), and transgenic mice expressing a dominant-negative form of MEK have established the importance of ERK1/2 signaling....