The aims of this study were to perform a systematic review of the use of rats as a model for experimental tooth movement, to give a critical evaluation of the use of elastics as a force delivery system, and to describe a newly designed well-defined model for tooth movement in rats. The literature from 1981 to 2002 indicates that in 57 per cent of animal studies on orthodontic tooth movement, ra...

T he purpose of this article is twofold: First, it will demonstrate the clinical application of precise control of t,he magnitude, direction, and duration of extraoral force and, second, cases will be presented to demonstrate how control of these three mechanical variables dramatically increases the efficiency and effectiveness of extraoral force in the treatment of malocclusion. The subject wi...

The periodontal ligament (PDL) is a mechanosensitive noncalcified fibrous tissue connecting the cementum of the tooth and the alveolar bone. Here, we report that scleraxis (Scx) and osterix (Osx) antagonistically regulate tensile force-responsive PDL fibrogenesis and osteogenesis. In the developing PDL, Scx was induced during tooth eruption and co-expressed with Osx. Scx was highly expressed in...

Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online's data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. [1] Northern temperate and high-latitude wetlands are a major source of the greenhouse gas methane (CH 4). Here, we estimate the sensitivity in the strengt...

A mural excavated at the Neolithic Çatalhöyük site (Central Anatolia, Turkey) has been interpreted as the oldest known map. Dating to ∼6600 BCE, it putatively depicts an explosive summit eruption of the Hasan Dağı twin-peaks volcano located ∼130 km northeast of Çatalhöyük, and a birds-eye view of a town plan in the foreground. This interpretation, however, has remained controversial not least b...

[1] Changbaishan volcano in northeast China, previously dated to have erupted around the mid-10th century A.D., is renowned for producing one of the largest eruptions in history (magnitude 6.8) and thus speculated to have substantial climatic impact. Here we report a new high-precision C wiggle-match age of A.D. 946 3 obtained from a 264 year old tree trunk (with bark) killed during the eruptio...

A large volcanic eruption might constitute a climate emergency, significantly altering global temperature and precipitation for several years. Major future eruptions will occur, but their size or timing cannot be predicted. We show, for the first time, that it may be possible to counteract these climate effects through deliberate emissions of short-lived greenhouse gases, dampening the abrupt i...

[2] The date of the eruption of the volcano Thera (Santorini), Greece, during the Minoan archaeological period in the second millennium BC, has been much debated. There have been tens of research papers [e.g., Warren, 1984; Hammer et al., 1987; Baillie and Munro, 1988; Zielinski and Germani, 1998a, 1998b; Wiener, 2003] and at least two books [Hardy and Renfrew, 1990; Manning, 1999] devoted to t...

The statistical foundation of disaster risk analysis is past experience. From a scientific perspective, history is just one realization of what might have happened, given the randomness and chaotic dynamics of nature. Stochastic analysis of the past is an exploratory exercise in counterfactual history, considering alternative possible scenarios. In particular, the dynamic perturbations that mig...