I. History of Chinese Patent Law ......................................................... 67 A. Enactment of Patent Law ............................................................................ 67 B. Subsequent Changes to China’s Patent Law: First Amendment to Patent Law (1992). .................................................................................................. 67 C. Second A...

The authors emphasise the key role of the state of the foramen Luschka in indication of neurootologic surgical approaches. Blockage of the foramen of Luschka with a medium or big tumour may impaire the CSF circulation. In such case the lateral transtemporal approaches--translabyrinthine and transotic are the best options. In all other situations where there is no blockage of the CSF circulation...

Background—A causal relationship between patent foramen ovale (PFO) and migraine has been hypothesized, and improvement of migraine frequency and severity after percutaneous PFO closure has been reported. Population-based data on the relationship between PFO and migraine are sparse, however. The objective of this study was to examine the association between PFO and migraine among stroke-free in...

A patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a frequent remnant of embryological development with clinical importance in thromboembolism, paradoxical embolism, stroke, platypnea-orthodeoxia, decompression sickness, and migraine headache. The proposed mechanisms of stroke with PFO include paradoxical embolization, in situ thrombosis within the canal of the PFO, associated atrial arrhythmias, and concomitant ...

Heterozygous mutations in the cardiac homeobox gene, NKX2-5, underlie familial cases of atrial septal defect (ASD) with severe atrioventricular conduction block. In this study, mice heterozygous for Nkx2-5-null alleles were assessed for analogous defects. Although ASD occurred only rarely, atrial septal dysmorphogenesis was evident as increased frequencies of patent foramen ovale and septal ane...

Patent Foramen Ovale and Stroke To the Editor: I wish to congratulate the authors of the current “Controversies in Stroke” on their critical discussion of secondary prevention in patients with patent foramen ovale (PFO) and cryptogenic stroke.1–3 In the absence of definitive data in this scenario, they focus a large part of their discussion on the possible treatment options quoting the 2 most c...