The measurement of short-range forces with the atomic force microscope (AFM) typically requires implementation of dynamic techniques to maintain sensitivity and stability. While frequency modulation atomic force microscopy (FM-AFM) is used widely for high-resolution imaging and quantitative force measurements in vacuum, quantitative force measurements using FM-AFM in liquids have proven elusive...

This study presents a novel technique to reconstruct the missing frequency bands of band-limited telephone speech signals. This technique is based on the Amplitude and Frequency Modulation (AM-FM) model, which models the speech signal as the sum of N successive AM-FM signals. Based on a least-mean-square error criterion, each AM-FM signal is modified using an iterative algorithm in order to reg...

The impact of early life events is increasingly becoming apparent, as studies investigate how early childhood can shape long-term physiology and behaviour. Fibromyalgia (FM), which is characterised by increased pain sensitivity and a number of affective co-morbidities, has an unclear etiology. This paper discusses risk factors from early life that may increase the occurrence or severity of FM i...

This study presents a novel technique to enhance telephone speech signals. This technique is based on the Amplitude and Frequency Modulation (AM-FM) model, which represents the speech signal as the sum of N successive AM-FM signals. Based on a leastmean-square error criterion, each AM-FM signal is modified using an iterative algorithm in order to compensate for the deformation of the signal cau...

The circadian system allows plants to coordinate metabolic and physiological functions with predictable environmental variables such as dusk and dawn. This endogenous oscillator is comprised of biochemical and transcriptional rhythms that are synchronized with a plant's surroundings via environmental signals, including light and temperature. We have used chlorophyll fluorescence techniques to d...

Both human speech and animal vocal signals contain frequency-modulated (FM) sounds. Although central auditory neurons that selectively respond to the direction of frequency modulation are known, the synaptic mechanisms underlying the generation of direction selectivity (DS) remain elusive. Here we show the emergence of DS neurons in the inferior colliculus by mapping the three major subcortical...

 Frequency modulation (FM) is a form of radio broadcasting which is widely used nowadays and has been in use for over a century, since 1906 when the first radio audio broadcast was made.  FM performance is severely degraded when the system noise amount exceeds a critical level, above which the traditional FM receiver breaks.  Traditional methods used in radio receivers divide the problem int...

When a single harmonic close to the first formant frequency is mistuned by about 8%, that harmonic makes a reduced contribution to the vowel's first formant frequency as measured by a shift in the phoneme boundary along an F1 continuum between /I/ and /epsilon/ [C.J. Darwin and R.B Gardner, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 79, 838-45 (1986)]. In the present experiments, phoneme boundaries along an /I/-/epsi...

Electric field strengths normally exceed the reference levels for occupational exposure in close vicinity to large frequency modulation (FM) transmitters. Thus, a detailed investigation on compliance with basic restrictions is needed before any administrative protection measures are applied. We prepared a detailed numerical model of a 20-kW FM transmitter on a 32-m mast. An electrically isolate...