Pollen pistil interaction studies were carried out in six sunnhemp genotypes. viability percentage of the genotypes ranged from 0.0 to 93.5% and pollen germination 84.0% at four different floral stages starting bud opening a flower. The viable grains present later three flower for globose type anthers, while two heart shaped anthers. Stigma receptivity was high very during S3 S4 stages. Artific...

Aims Floral traits are frequently used in traditional plant systematics because of their assumed constancy. One potential reason for the apparent constancy of flower size is that effective pollen transfer between flowers depends on the accuracy of the physical fit between the flower and pollinator. Therefore, flowers are likely to be under stronger stabilizing selection for uniform size than ve...

We examined the relationship between giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis) and Acacia nigrescens in Kruger National Park, South Africa, to determine whether these tall ungulates may be providing a pollination service for the trees, or are simply flower predators. We quantified florivory and subsequent fruit set in the presence and absence of giraffes.Acacia nigrescens flowers are clearly a substant...

This year’s research focused on further evaluation of potential alternate bearing with multiple year ReTainTM treatments. After three years of treatment with ReTainTM, there does not appear to be any negative effect on yield. There was a lower reduction in PFA than was expected, but this is thought to be unrelated to multiple year treatments. Treatment of a Chandler orchard with ReTainTM was do...

The butterfly optimization algorithm is one of the metaheuristic algorithms that models foraging behavior butterflies. It appears in literature it has been used successfully solution many problems. Control parameters and dimension problem directly affect performance a algorithm. When possible problems are evaluated, some may be low-dimensional, while others high-dimensional. At same time, expec...

Cleome viscosa L., an annual rainy season weed, is cosmopolitan in distribution. Two naturally growing populations of C. viscosa from Jammu, J & K, India have been studied for floral variation at an intra-plant level and its possible role in its life cycle. Plants of both the populations bear flowers which exhibit tremendous intra-plant variation in size (large and small) and sex (hermaphrodite...

in order to identify the best maturity time for excision of fertilized ovules in interspecific hybridization, intercrosses were made between two diploid (gossypium herbaceum and g. arboreum, 2n=26) and two tetraploid species (g. barbadense and g. hirsutum, 2n=52). flower morphology, growth rate of ovules and ovaries, as well as fiber growth pattern in various time scales post anthesis were reco...

Plant senescence is regulated by a coordinated genetic program mediated in part by changes in ethylene, abscisic acid (ABA), and cytokinin content. Transgenic plants with delayed senescence are useful for studying interactions between these signaling mechanisms. Expression of ipt, a cytokinin biosynthetic gene from Agrobacterium tumefaciens, under the control of the promoter from a senescence-a...

In this paper, a new nature inspired and efficient algorithm based on flower pollination is proposed for solving the optimal reactive power dispatch (ORPD) problem. The proposed algorithm is simple, easy to implement and with less number of parameter to be tuned. ORPD is an important power system optimization problem for improving the stability of the system. Loss minimization objective based O...