Flower induction in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees plays an important life cycle role, but young trees produce fewer and inferior quality flower buds. Therefore, shoot bending has become an important cultural practice, significantly promoting the capacity to develop more flower buds during the growing seasons. Additionally, microRNAs (miRNAs) play essential roles in plant growth, flower i...

Aims Floral traits are frequently used in traditional plant systematics because of their assumed constancy. One potential reason for the apparent constancy of flower size is that effective pollen transfer between flowers depends on the accuracy of the physical fit between the flower and pollinator. Therefore, flowers are likely to be under stronger stabilizing selection for uniform size than ve...

Objective: Chamomile is one of the commercial medicinal plants produced in Ethiopia. Besides, it is priority crop in national aromatic and medicinal plants research project in the country. As chamomile production affected by production techniques this activity was conducted to identify the effect of seed storage duration and seedling raising methods on its seedling establishmen...

Flowers of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L., Calendula officinalis L., Datura metel L., Jasminum sambac L Aiton., Mimusops elengi L., Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L., Saraca asoca (Roxb.) Wilde., Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R. Br. ex Roemer and Schultes., and Ixora coccinea L. are very popular for their aesthetic and spiritual appeal. Indigenous treatment systems found these f...

Flower pollination algorithm is a new nature-inspired algorithm, based on the characteristics of flowering plants. In this paper, we extend this flower algorithm to solve multi-objective optimization problems in engineering. By using the weighted sum method with random weights, we show that the proposed multi-objective flower algorithm can accurately find the Pareto fronts for a set of test fun...

a graph is called textit{circulant} if it is a cayley graph on a cyclic group, i.e. its adjacency matrix is circulant. let $d$ be a set of positive, proper divisors of the integer $n>1$. the integral circulant graph $icg_{n}(d)$ has the vertex set $mathbb{z}_{n}$ and the edge set e$(icg_{n}(d))= {{a,b}; gcd(a-b,n)in d }$. let $n=p_{1}p_{2}cdots p_{k}m$, where $p_{1},p_{2},cdots,p_{k}$ are disti...

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in this paper we study the coprime graph of a group $g$. the coprime graph of a group $g$, is a graph whose vertices are elements of $g$ and two distinct vertices $x$ and $y$ are adjacent iff $(|x|,|y|)=1$. in this paper we classify all the groups which the coprime graph is a complete r-partite graph or a planar graph. also we study the automorphism group of the coprime graph.

The size and number of flowers displayed together on an inflorescence (floral display) influences pollinator attraction and pollen transfer and receipt, and is integral to plant reproductive success and fitness. Life history theory predicts that the evolution of floral display is constrained by trade-offs between the size and number of flowers and inflorescences. Indeed, a trade-off between flo...