A backdoor set is a set of variables of a propositional formula such that fixing the truth values of the variables in the backdoor set moves the formula into some polynomial-time decidable class. If we know a small backdoor set we can reduce the question of whether the given formula is satisfiable to the same question for one or several easy formulas that belong to the tractable class under con...

Mitchell's key insight that all bioenergetic membranes run on the conversion of redox energy into transmembrane electrical and proton gradients took the form 30 years ago of a working model of the Q cycle of cytochrome bc1, which operates reversibly on coupled electron and proton transfers of quinone at two binding sites on opposite membrane faces. His remarkable model still stands today, but h...

We consider dilaton stabilization with R invariance, which insures a vanishing cosmological constant at the scale of stabilization. We construct a few models which accommodate weak gauge couplings with large or small gauge groups. Matter condensation plays a central role in the dilaton stabilization.

Introduction: Skeletal staining is an important part of anatomical studies which can evaluate macroscopic disorders in bones and cartilages development. The aim of the present article is to illustrate two distinct protocols by all details in order to stain skeletal system of the lab animals in all ages of their lives so it becomes easy for future studies in this field. Methods: In this pa...

Gauge fixing seems to be crucial to identify the relevant degrees of freedom for confinement. In the vortex theory of confinement these degrees of freedom are bi-dimensional objects carrying flux quantized in elements of the center of the group. Center gauge fixing, a gauge fixing prescription having a remaining ZN freedom, is needed to identify these objects. In this paper we study how Laplaci...

We consider exact system identification in the behavioral setting: Given an (noise-free) finite time series, find set of bounded complexity linear time-invariant systems that fit data exactly. First, we modify notion most powerful unfalsified model for case by fixing number inputs and minimizing order. Then, give necessary sufficient identifiability conditions, i.e., conditions under which true...

Abstract Background Developers spend more time fixing bugs refactoring the code to increase maintainability than developing new features. Researchers investigated quality impact on fault-proneness, focusing smells and metrics. Objective We aim at advancing fault-inducing commit prediction using different variables, such as SonarQube rules, product, process metrics, adopting techniques. Method d...

We propose a generalization of the stochastic gauge fixing procedure for the stochastic quantization of gauge theories where not only the drift term of the stochastic process is changed but also the Wiener process itself. All gauge invariant expectation values remain unchanged. As an explicit example we study the case of an abelian gauge field coupled with three bosonic matter fields in 0+1 dim...

How tumor cells gain resistance to drugs is critically important to elucidate for developing better cancer therapy. In this issue of Blood, Wray and colleagues have identified a mechanism whereby acute leukemia cells use a stimulator of topoisomerase II activity to allow proliferation despite drug inhibition of this essential enzyme.