Abstract We study optimal procurement in a case where the buyer must match supply against uncertain demand using combination of low-cost order-in-advance contracts and high-cost real-time balancing mechanism. The have two-level structure which commitment to procure fixed quantity for multiple periods has lower unit-price than period-specific commitments. Moreover, mechanism implies salvage valu...

sustainable forest management in caspian forests of iran requires cost-benefit analysis in order to maintain the quality of timber stands during logging operations. this study was done with the aim of cost and gross revenue computations from current logging (net present value) in three adjacent compartments in district 2 of shafroud watershed. motion and time studies were carried out during fel...

Fixed charge solid transportation problems are formulated as profit maximization problems under a budget constraint at each destination. Here item is purchased in different depots at different prices. Accordingly the item is transported to different destinations from different depots using different vehicles. Unitsare sold from different destinations to the customers at different selling prices...