A functionally graded (FG) material system is employed to make fiber use more efficient in a fiber reinforced cement composite (FRCC). This preliminary study demonstrates beam elements that were functionally graded fiber reinforced cement composite (FGFRCC) with four layers, each with a different fiber volume ratio. Fiber volume ratio was graded in accordance with its potential contribution to ...

A functionally graded material beam with generalized boundary conditions is contemplated in the present study in order to examine the deformation and stress behavior under thermal and thermo-mechanical load. Three discrete combinations of functionally graded materials have been deliberate in including a wide range of materials and material properties. The variation of material properties has be...

We have developed a process for the three-dimensional (3D) machining of p-type silicon on a microand nano-scale using high-energy ion beam irradiation with one or more energies and fluences, followed by electrochemical anodization in hydrofluoric acid. We present a study of the dependence of our fabricated structures on irradiating ion energies, fluences, geometries and wafer resistivity. All t...

Focussed Ion Beam (FIB) milling is a mainstay of nano-scale machining. By manipulating a tightly focussed beam of energetic ions, often gallium (Ga+), FIB can sculpt nanostructures via localised sputtering. This ability to cut solid matter on the nano-scale revolutionised sample preparation across the life, earth and materials sciences. Despite its widespread usage, detailed understanding of th...

Room-temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) has been widely investigated as a nonvolatile solvent as well as a unique liquid material because of its interesting features, e.g., negligible vapor pressure and high thermal stability. Here we report that a non-volatile polymerizable RTIL is a useful starting material for the fabrication of micro/nano-scale polymer structures with a focused-ion-beam (FIB) ...

The resputtering of gold films from nano-holes defined in a sacrificial PMMA mask, which was made by electron beam lithography, was carried out with a dry plasma etching tool in order to form well-like structures with a high aspect ratio (height/width ≈ 3-4) at the rims of the nano-holes. The extraordinary transmission through the patterns of such nano-wells was investigated experimentally and ...

In this paper, we present the fabrication of nano optical elements by means of deep reactive ion etching technique (Bosch process) on a silicon-on-insulator substrate. The nano structures are fabricated in a two step process. The first step consists of direct-writing nanoscale patterns on PMMA polymer by electron beam lithography. These nano patterns are then transferred to the silicon surface ...

Noble metal nanoslit structure has attracted an increasing interest in nanoscale photonic devices, and bio applications. However, methods typically used for fabricating nano-sized slit, such as, e-beam direct etching, template-assisted photolithography, and nano-imprint lithography, have low yield and are limited to sub-nano sized slit. In this work, we observed that slit width of Au metal is g...