We report complexity results about redundancy of formulae in 2CNF form. We first consider the problem of checking redundancy and show some algorithms that are slightly better than the trivial one. We then analyze problems related to finding irredundant equivalent subsets (i.e.s.) of a given set. The concept of cyclicity proved to be relevant to the complexity of these problems. Some results abo...

This study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of injection of essential oil of Eugenia caryophyllata in the kid horn buds, as a new chemical technique for disbudding. Five-day-old healthy goat kids from both sexes (n = 16) were divided randomly into 4 equal groups. In groups 1, 2 and 3, 0.2 mL of clove essence and in group 4 (control) 0.2 mL of normal saline was injected into the left horn ...

A 73-year-old Japanese woman presented with cutaneous horn on the right cheek. The resected tumor was 9 mm in diameter, with 14 mm protrusion, and showed exophytic growth with marked papillomatosis. Histopathology showed proliferation of atypical melanocytes with melanin pigments in the epidermis and dermis under the cutaneous horn. These cells were confined to the base of the cutaneous horn, a...

Identifying and exploiting hidden problem structures is recognized as a fundamental way to deal with the intractability of combinatorial problems. Recently, a particular structure called (strong) backdoor has been identified in the context of the satisfiability problem. Connections has been established between backdoors and problem hardness leading to a better approximation of the worst case ti...

The potential for selective harvests to induce rapid evolutionary change is an important question for conservation and evolutionary biology, with numerous biological, social and economic implications. We analyze 39 years of phenotypic data on horn size in bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) subject to intense trophy hunting for 23 years, after which harvests nearly ceased. Our analyses revealed a s...

I address the choice of horn diameter for millimeter-wave array receivers with corrugated horns. For maximum point-source mapping speed, in both total power and polarization with typical receiver noise contributions and a close-packed horn array that fills the field of view, the optimum horn diameter is 1.6-1.7Flambda, where F is the focal ratio. A +/-25% change in horn diameter gives <10% degr...

We provide an ExpTime algorithm for answering conjunctive queries (CQs) in Horn-SHIQ, a Horn fragment of the well-known Description Logic SHIQ underlying the OWL-Lite standard. The algorithm employs a domino system for model representation, which is constructed via a worst-case optimal tableau algorithm for Horn-SHIQ; the queries are answered by reasoning over the domino system. Our algorithm n...

We design learning algorithms for synthesizing invariants using Horn implication counterexamples (Horn-ICE), extending the ICE-learning model. In particular, we describe a decision-tree learning algorithm that learns from Horn-ICE samples, works in polynomial time, and uses statistical heuristics to learn small trees that satisfy the samples. Since most verification proofs can be modeled using ...

Because the establishment of pregnancy begins at the uterine horn ipsilateral to the corpus luteum (ipsi-horn) in cattle, levels of progesterone (P4) and receptor expression in the endometrial tissue, which regulate the intrauterine environment for embryo development, may differ between the ipsi-horn and the uterine horn contralateral to corpus luteum (contra-horn). The aim of the present study...