OBJECTIVE Enhanced HIV prevention interventions, such as preexposure prophylaxis for high-risk individuals, require substantial investments. We sought to estimate the medical cost saved by averting 1 HIV infection in the United States. METHODS We estimated lifetime medical costs in persons with and without HIV to determine the cost saved by preventing 1 HIV infection. We used a computer simul...

Recently introduced connections between quantum codes and Narain CFTs provide a simple ansatz to express modular-invariant function $Z(\tau,\bar \tau)$ in terms of multivariate polynomial satisfying certain additional properties. These properties include algebraic identities, which ensure modular invariance \tau)$, positivity integrality coefficients, imply the $\mathfrak{u}(1)^n \times \mathfr...

BACKGROUND In November 2016, the ICH published a requirement for sponsors to develop a systematic, prioritised, risk-based approach to monitoring clinical trials. This approach is more commonly known as risk-based monitoring (RBM). However, recent evidence suggests that a 'gold standard', validated approach to RBM does not exist and it is unclear how sponsors will introduce RBM into their organ...

INTRODUCTION The costs of health care in Poland are continuously increasing. Thus, almost every institution providing medical services aims at their limitation. One of the costs rationalisation methods in the health care sector is outsourcing. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was conducted in 153 randomly selected institutions providing medical activities. The tool was a questionnaire, availabl...

Social impact bonds are payment by results contracts that leverage private social investment to cover the up-front expenditure associated with welfare services. The introduction of private principles and actors through outcome-based commissioning has received a great deal of attention in social policy research. However, there has been much less attention given to the introduction of private cap...

This paper outlines a feasible employee premium contribution policy, which would reduce the inefficiency associated with adverse selection when a limited coverage insurance policy is offered alongside a more generous policy. The "efficient premium contribution" is defined and is shown to lead to an efficient allocation across plans of persons who differ by risk, but it may also redistribute aga...

On April 10 economist John R. Lott, Jr., formerly of the American Enterprise Institute, filed a defamation lawsuit against economist Steven D. Levitt of the University of Chicago and HarperCollins, the publisher of Levitt's 2005 book, Freakonomics. At issue is what Levitt meant when he wrote that scholars could not "replicate" Lott's results, referring to Lott's 1998 book, More Guns, Less Crime...

The main objective of this project is fake currency detection using the image processing. Fake currency detection is a process of finding the forgery currency. After choose the image apply preprocessing. In pre-processing the image to be crop, smooth and adjust. Convert the image into gray color. After conversion apply the image segmentation. The features are extracting and reduce. Finally comp...