The position of the eye, head and shoulders can be negatively influenced by many diseases of the nervous system, (particularly by visual and vestibular disorders) (Cerny R. et al, 2006). Disturbances of the cervical vertebral column are another frequent cause of abnormal head position. In this chapter we describe advanced methods of measuring the precise position of the eye, head and shoulders ...

This study aimed to provide evidence on the therapeutic prescribing activity by community optometrists in Scotland and determine its impact workload general practice ophthalmology clinics. Scottish administrative healthcare data for a 53-month period (November 2013–April 2018) were used analyse non-medical optometrists. Using interrupted time-series regression (Autoregressive Integrated Moving ...

Background: The COVID -19 pandemic that has occurred since 2020 changed and affected all aspects of life. In health services, the limited patients from coming to facilities. Recording ophthalmology cases in facilities an important role providing information about eye problems often occur community identify what are main challenges faced field care.Objective: This study aims characteristics dise...

background: pantothenate kinase associated neurodegeneration (pkan) is the most prevalent type of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (nbia) disorders characterized by extrapyramidal signs, and 'eye-of-the-tiger' on t2 brain magnetic resonance imaging (mri) characterized by hypointensity in globus pallidus and a hyperintensity in its core. all pkan patients have homozygous or compoun...

Age related binocular vision disorders (age related strabismus) could include all types of spontaneous strabismus appearing along the lifetime, which are directly connected with the aging process. Neurological strabismus is excluded. Functional and structural changes related to the aging process can induce phoria decompensation, convergence insufficiency decompensation and new onset strabismus ...

UNLABELLED Electronystagmography (ENG) and videonystagmography (VNG) are eye movement recording methods used for the evaluation of balance disorders. AIM To compare literature information on the similarities, differences, advantages e disadvantages between ENG and VNG. MATERIALS AND METHODS review of the scientific literature. RESULTS ENG and VNG are very helpful methods for evaluating ba...

Sleep specialists are frequently referred adults with epilepsy to evaluate their sleep/wake complaints, sometimes to determine whether their paroxysmal nocturnal behaviors are epileptic or not. Many patients with epilepsy have at least one parasomnia (some more than one), and the sleep specialists are often asked to differentiate and treat these. Sleep specialists review which primary sleep dis...

The ocular motor system consists of several subsystems, including the vestibular ocular nystagmus saccade system, the pursuit system, the fixation and gaze-holding system and the vergence system. All these subsystems aid the stabilization of the images on the retina during eye and head movements and any kind of disturbance of one of the systems can cause instability of the eyes (e.g. nystagmus)...

Eye movement disorders may be considered in two categories: those that cause incomplete eye movements (ophthalmoparesis) and those that cause excessive eye movements (saccadic intrusions and nystagmus). Central to an understanding and correct diagnosis of abnormal eye movements is the evaluation of ocular alignment, ocular motility, and each functional class of eye movements: optokinetic, vesti...