The Affordable Care Act contains numerous consumer protections designed to remedy shortcomings in the availability, affordability, adequacy, and transparency of individual market insurance. However, because states remain the primary regulators of health insurance and have considerable flexibility over implementation of the law, consumers are likely to experience some of the new protections diff...

The paper discusses and analyzes the notion of information quality in terms of a pragmatic philosophy of language. It is argued that the notion of information quality is of great importance, and needs to be situated better within a sound philosophy of information to help frame information quality in a broader conceptual light. It is found that much research on information quality conceptualizes...

Intellectual property (IP) protections proposed by the United States for the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPPA) have sparked widespread alarm about the potential negative impact on access to affordable medicines. The most recently leaked draft of the IP chapter shows some shifts in the US position, presumably in response to ongoing resistance from other countries. While some problematic...

The human facility for innovation was centrally important in the evolutionary origin and advancement of our species: it increased survival and reproduction by improving adaptation in uncertain and changing environments. The capacity to innovate was vitally important in the development and persistence of thriving, complex societies. Pivotal early innovations are familiar to all: agriculture , th...

the notion of infinite order markov process is introduced and the markov property of the flow of information is established.

Indigenous knowledge of underdeveloped countries or of underdeveloped peoples within developed or developing nations is a sought after commodity in today’s marketplace. These commercialisation pressures will increase in the globalised climate of the new-world economic order. Since knowledge is intangible, legal protection of intangible knowledge is minimal. However, when the knowledge is expres...

This study builds on and extends previous research on nativity variations in adolescent health and risk behavior by addressing three questions: (1) whether and how generational status and age at migration are associated with timing of sexual onset among U.S. adolescents; (2) whether and how family instability mediates associations between nativity and sexual debut; and (3) whether and how these...

this paper extends the scope of algebraic computation based on a non standard × to the more basic case of a non standard +, where standard means associative and commutative. two physically meaningful examples of a non standard + are provided by the observation of motion in special relativity, from either outside (3d) or inside (2d or more), we revisit the “gyro”-theory of ungar to present the m...

Many businesses rely on email of some form for their day to day operation. This is especially true for product support organizations, who are largely unable to perform their role in the company if their in boxes are flooded with malicious email, or if important email is delayed because of the processing of attack traffic. Simple Message Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is the Internet protocol for the ...