Programmed Death-1 (PD-1) has received considerable attention as a key regulator of CD8(+) T cell exhaustion during chronic infection and cancer because blockade of this pathway partially reverses T cell dysfunction. Although the PD-1 pathway is critical in regulating established "exhausted" CD8(+) T cells (TEX cells), it is unclear whether PD-1 directly causes T cell exhaustion. We show that P...

BACKGROUND Psoriasis is a chronic dermatosis of unknown etiology with a tendency to relapse after treatment. The disease is frequently linked to psychological stress due to the embarrassment caused by the lesions. OBJECTIVE To analyze the stress level presented by psoriasis patients followed at the Dermatology Service of a public hospital in Salvador, Bahia state, Brazil. METHODS A cross-se...

BACKGROUND Nurses' perceptions of futile care may lead to emotional exhaustion. OBJECTIVES To determine the relationship between critical care nurses' perceptions of futile care and its effect on burnout. METHODS A descriptive survey design was used with 60 critical care nurses who worked full-time and had a minimum of 1 year of critical care experience at the 2 participating hospitals (350...

We analyzed whether burnout and vital exhaustion or job-related chronic stress is associated with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation in school teachers (N=135; 25-63 years; mean age 46.1+/-9.20 years). Participants collected seven saliva samples (0, 30, 45, and 60 min after awakening, 11a.m., 3 p.m., 8 p.m.) on 2 working days, 1 leisure day, and after pre-medication with 0....

AIM We used Kanter's (1977) structural empowerment theory to examine the influence of structural empowerment and emotional exhaustion on healthcare professionals' use of organizational citizenship behaviours directed at the organization (OCBO) and peers (OCBI). BACKGROUND Organizational citizenship behaviours (OCB) are discretionary behaviours that are not rewarded directly by the organizatio...

The influence of preceding diet (mixed, MD; carbohydrate CD; protein PD) on performance during high intensity endurance cycling was examined in six middle distance runners. Subjects undertook cycle ergometer exercise at a workload equivalent to 80% VO2 max until exhaustion following each of the three dietary regimens. Dietary analyses were performed using a computerised evaluation technique and...

Although work factors have been associated with both presenteeism and exhaustion among hospital physicians, we lack knowledge on the dynamic relationship between demands in the work context and presenteeism and how this can be mediated by symptoms of exhaustion when controlling for job resources. The objective of this study is to examine a health impairment process of presenteeism among univers...

Deletion, anergy, and a spectrum of functional impairments can affect virus-specific CD8 cells in chronic viral infections. Here we characterize a low frequency population of CD8 cells present in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection which survive in the face of a high quantity of viral antigen. Although they do not appear to exert immunological pressure in vivo, these CD8 cells are not cla...

Abstract The method of exhaustion is generalized to a simple formula that can be used to integrate functions under very general conditions, provided that the integral exists. Both a geometric proof (following the usual procedure for the method of exhaustion) and an independent algebraic proof are provided. Applications provided as examples include use of the formula to generate new series for c...

A comprehensive dataset of multielectrode array recordings was collected from three-dimensional hen embryo brain cell cultures, termed spheroids, under long-term electrical stimulation. The aim is to understand the ongoing changes in the spiking activity under electrical stimulation within the lifetime of 14-72DIV of the neuronal networks contained therein. The spiking dynamics were analyzed an...