Many randomized controlled trials require participants to opt in. Such selfselection could introduce a potential bias, because only the most optimistic may participate. We revisit this prediction. We argue that in many situations, the experimental intervention is competing with alternative interventions participants could conduct themselves outside the experiment. Since participants have a chan...

Conventional wisdom suggests that CEO membership of the compensation committee is an open invitation to rent extraction by self-serving executives. However, using data from New Zealand – where CEO compensation committee membership is relatively common – we find that annual pay increments for CEOs with this apparent advantage averaged six percentage points less than those enjoyed by other CEOs d...

The attitude of law, practice and science to actively appearing sources evidentiary information is controversial belated. Besides some exceptions Criminal Procedure Code does not contain special rules for handling electronic information. Meanwhile were formulated more than half a century ago principally oriented only on receiving analog Electronic traces ways displaying legally relevant contain...

In Belgium, welfare agencies receive a subsidy to employ welfare recipients for a period sufficiently long to entitle them to unemployment benefits. This work experience program is called Social Employment (SE). We investigate the effect of SE on the exit rate from welfare. We propose a grouping/IV estimator of the SE effect that eliminates selection bias. The estimator is consistent, even if t...

Background Standardized selection of outcomes has been advocated to allow comparison and syntheses of clinical trials’ results in systematic reviews and to avoid outcome selection bias. As health outcomes in children are different from adults, the methodology behind selecting and measuring outcomes should be valid, responsive and feasible for pediatric research. Core Outcome Sets (COS) are a ne...

Methods Many studies have been conducted on the epidemiology of in-patient violence by use of standardized scales such as the SOAS-R. Much research on patient and environment characteristics has been compromised by methodological flaws such as sample selection bias. Epidemiological data on the use of coercive measures is scarcely available in most countries, and different ways of reporting rend...

Mobile handheld devices are becoming evermore affordable and commonplace in society. When they are involved in a security incident or crime, forensic specialists require tools that allow proper extraction and speedy examination of any digital evidence present. This paper gives an overview of forensic software tools for Personal Digital Assistants (PDA). A set of generic scenarios was devised to...

This paper examines the principal legal issues related to the use of cell phone data as evidence at trial and to establish a basis for obtaining wiretap orders or call detail records from service providers. Four scenarios are considered. The first three scenarios explore evidentiary issues related to data extracted from damaged SIM cards, partial data recovered from memory chips and deleted dat...

There is a great need for improved methods for designing innovative learning systems. In this paper, we introduce a design methodology – Evidence Centered Design for Learning (ECDL) that supports the design of educational systems in terms of evidentiary arguments. The methodology is then applied to examine an online intelligent tutoring system that blends performance assessment and instructiona...