This article provides a fact sheet of the European Union (EU) agri-environmental indicator soil erosion. It consists of an overview of recent data, complemented by all information on definitions, measurement methods and context needed to interpret them correctly. The soil erosion article is part of a set of similar fact sheets providing a complete picture of the state of the agri-environmental ...

In this paper I analyze the development and competitiveness of mobile telecommunications industry across the European Union. I estimate a reduced form and structural model of mobile industry using panel data for the EU countries in years 1998-2002. The competitiveness level is significantly influenced by the regulation policy. The regulation implemented throughout the liberalization process of ...

Ž . This paper considers the likely impact that European Union EU will have on the labor compact. It is argued that, despite increased economic integration in Europe, countries will still be able to maintain distinct labor practices if they are willing to bear the cost of those practices. The incidence of many social protections probably already falls on workers. In addition, it is argued that ...

In 2004 the European Union is due to incorporate 10 new members, mostly from the Central and Eastern European Countries (CECs). Trade between the EU and CECs currently falls well short of that between EU countries, and if we assume this pattern reflects both tariffs and a resource cost due to regulatory differences, then 1997 trade patterns would imply such costs are 7-15% on trade between the ...

The mobility of labor reduces national incentives to invest in internationally applicable education. Such e¤ects may be especially severe for the prospective new member states of the European Union. The European Union could overcome this by allowing countries to institute graduate taxes or income-contingent loans, collected also from migrants. This paper presents calculations on how such a syst...

This article describes the recent activities of the European Communities Confederation of Clinical Chemistry (EC4). Main goal of EC4 is harmonization of clinical chemistry in the European Union and Europe. EC4's actions connected to that are training and registration of professionals, and accreditation of laboratories. The 35000 professionals practising clinical chemistry in the EU have differe...

Introduction Since Beijing 1995, gender mainstreaming has heralded the beginning of a renewed effort to address what is seen as one of the roots of gender inequality: the genderedness of systems, procedures and organizations. In the definition of the Council of Europe, gender mainstreaming is the (re)organisation, improvement, development and evaluation of policy processes, so that a gender equ...

Private or voluntary health insurance (VHI) does not play a significant role in many health systems in the European Union (EU), either in terms of funding or as a means of gaining access to health care. In most EU member states it accounts for less than 5% of total expenditure on health and covers a relatively small proportion of the population (see Table 1). The exceptions to this trend are Fr...

More than 500 million people and 28 nations make up the European Union. It will lose one of its richest, most populous members, if the United Kingdom votes to leave on 23 June. Ahead of a possible ‘Brexit’, Nature examines five core ways that the EU shapes the course of research. The EU affects science from the collaborative opportunities that the bloc creates to the billions of euros that it d...

Unsolicited commercial communications now represent more than fifty per cent of the e-mail traffic in the European Union and around the world. This paper is about the legal EU approach to such an issue. Through the analysis of the evolution of the legislative framework, it aims to define, under a legal perspective, what spam is, to explain why the opt-in choice has been adopted by the EU, and t...