The infrastructure for securities clearing and settlement in the euro area is currently being shaped. While, in the field of payment systems, the TARGET system allows for the real-time transfer of cash between any of the 5,000 participants throughout the European Union, the infrastructure for securities settlement is fragmented in a multiplicity of systems which is hindering the integration of ...

It is important to understand the differences between emissions from standard laboratory testing cycles and those from actual on-road driving conditions, especially for solid particle number (SPN) emissions now being regulated in Europe. This study compared particle mass and SPN emissions from a heavy-duty diesel vehicle operating over the urban dynamometer driving schedule (UDDS) and actual on...

BACKGROUND Emergency Departments (EDs) are confronted with progressive overcrowding. As a consequence, the workload for ED physicians increases and waiting times go up with the risk of unnecessary complications and patient dissatisfaction. To cope with these problems, Specialized Emergency Nurses (SENs), regular ED-nurses receiving a short, injury-specific course, were trained to assess and tre...

In order to investigate the relationship between culture and “democracy”, it will first be necessary to take a look at what could be understood by the word « culture ». Here it is assumed that culture, or such a related thing as society, is some sort of socio-anthropological object that is susceptible to scientific research. A philosophical approach that is suitable to deal with anthropological...

Fluctuations in uncertainty can play an important role in shaping the economic conjuncture and outlook. This article discusses the various methods proposed in the literature to measure uncertainty and shows how these measures have evolved in the euro area. It describes the transmission channels of fluctuations in uncertainty to the economy and provides some model-based evidence for the impact o...

This paper discusses the issue of euroisation – the unilateral adoption of the euro as legal tender in five Central and Eastern European Countries. The sample consists of the three frontrunners Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland a runner-up – Bulgaria – and a laggard – Romania in the accession to the European Union (EU) and Economic Monetary Union (EMU). A preliminary survey of the current fixe...

In January 1999, members of the European Union introduced a single currency, the Euro. In 2002, the Euro will replace national currencies, and each country’s currency will cease to exist. It is our belief that within the next ten years the Euro will merge with the Dollar to create a single currency for the United States, Europe, and eventually for other countries. These articles explore the imp...

AIM This study assessed the long-term costs per retention year for periodontally affected molars. METHODS A cohort of 379 compliant subjects was retrospectively evaluated. Periodontal, restorative, endodontic, prosthetic and surgical treatment costs were estimated based on fee items of the private German health insurance. Costs/year were calculated and the impact of tooth- and subject-related...

1. Green KY. Caliciviridae: the noroviruses. In: Fields BN, Knipe DM, Howley PM, Griffin DE, Lamb RA, Martin MA, et al, editors. Fields virology, 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2007. p. 949–79. 2. van Beek J, Ambert-Balay K, Botteldoorn N, Eden J, Fonager J, Hewitt J, et al. Indications for worldwide increased norovirus activity associated with emergence of a new variant ...