Midline diastema is a space between the central incisors. Although physiologic transitory maxillary midline diastema is observed in children during eruption of maxillary anterior teeth in most cases, it is self-corrected after eruption of maxillary canines. However, midline diastema unrelated to the eruption of teeth has been observed owing to various etiologic factors. Treatment to align the c...

BACKGROUND Breast cancer has a complex etiology that includes genetic, biologic, behavioral, environmental, and social factors. Etiologic factors are frequently studied in isolation with adjustment for confounding, mediating, and moderating effects of other factors. A complex systems model approach may present a more comprehensive picture of the multifactorial etiology of breast cancer. METHO...

Esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula (EA/TEF) are major congenital malformations affecting 1:3500 live births. Current research efforts are focused on understanding the etiology of these defects. We describe well-known animal models, human syndromes, and associations involving EA/TEF, indicating its etiologically heterogeneous nature. Recent advances in genotyping technology and in ...

A pyogenic granuloma is a prevalent inflammatory hyperplasia of connective tissue. These lesions develop as reactive tissue response to low-grade local irritation, trauma, and hormonal imbalances. Morphologically, it may present single exophytic nodule or sessile papule, with smooth lobulated surface, on pedunculated base. hemorrhagic range in size from few millimeters several centimetres vary ...

Objective Sinonasal inverted papilloma (IP) is a benign and uncommon tumor of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses with a tendency for recurrence and even malignant transformation. Though the morphology and clinical behavior of this lesion has been well described, its etiology remains controversial. Methods Computerized searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, and Google scholar through M...

It has been reported that HGs are found in approximately 5% (1.6%-15%) of patients who undergo a liver biopsy and may be caused by a variety of conditions (2). Differences in the rate of HGs and the underlying systemic disorders depend on the location of the study and the patient population. HGs may result from a primary liver disease or an ongoing systemic disease. Various causes of HG may be ...

In a consecutive series of 30 hospitalized cervical injury patients, 18 proved to have widening of the prevertebral soft tissue space due to hematoma. The upper limit of normal width in 50 noninjury patients was used as a reference. Hematoma almost exclusively manifested at C1-C4 and proved to be closely related to fractures of anterior elements of the spine. Relatively small hematomas were enc...

Cleft lip and cleft palate (CL/P) is a deformity indicated by an opening or uncommon in the roof of the mouth (palate). The differences in ethnicity, gender, correlation with genetic factors influence prevalence Non-syndromic CL/P. This study was conducted through literature review on genes that were allegedly associated Genetics play role, to greater lesser extent, all diseases. Besides, pal...