................................................................................... 1 1. THE CONTEXT OF PUBLIC SECTOR REFORM......................... 2 1a. Components of Public Sector Reform.................................. 5 2. DEFINING ACCOUNTABILITY.................................................... 6 3. ACCOUNTABILITY OUTCOMES ASSOCIATED WITH NEW COMPUTERISED INFORMATION SYSTEMS.............

Neural networks for NLP are becoming increasingly complex and widespread, there is a growing concern if these models responsible to use. Explaining helps address the safety ethical concerns essential accountability. Interpretability serves provide explanations in terms that understandable humans. Additionally, post-hoc methods after model learned generally model-agnostic. This survey provides c...

Since its inception, bioethics' principled stance has been to argue against paternalism and elitism, and for an inclusive ethical perspective. But at least in North America, the growth of bioethics as a special area of applied ethics has created conflicts within the field itself. Those who, a generation earlier, argued against paternalism and for both professional and public accountability in m...

The nature of publicly funded research is changing. Both developed and developing nations are increasing their investments in scientific research, either to maintain their technological lead or to catch up with advanced societies. The focus on research as a basis for a ‘knowledge society’ has raised public awareness of science and its impact on society, with repercussions for science and its pu...

Researchers and clinicians operate in an increasingly complex clinical and regulatory environment in which understanding the principles governing human research is essential. However, most orthopaedic surgeons have not received in-depth training in regulatory requirements and scientific research methods. Ensuring that research is conducted in accordance with state and federal laws and ethical p...

Digital health encompasses a wide range of novel digital technologies related to health and medicine. Such technologies rely on recent advances in the collection and analysis of ever increasing amounts of data from both patients and healthy citizens. Along with new opportunities, however, come new ethical and policy challenges. These range from the need to adapt current evidence-based standards...

The ‘‘lone’’ clinical bioethicist working in a large, multisite hospital faces considerable challenges. While attempting to build ethics capacity and sustain a demanding range of responsibilities, he or she must also achieve an acceptable level of integration, sustainability, and accountability within a complex organisational structure. In an effort to address such inherent demands and to creat...

The "lone" clinical bioethicist working in a large, multisite hospital faces considerable challenges. While attempting to build ethics capacity and sustain a demanding range of responsibilities, he or she must also achieve an acceptable level of integration, sustainability, and accountability within a complex organisational structure. In an effort to address such inherent demands and to create ...

In the past decade the significance of environmental, social and governance (ESG) factors in investment processes and ownership practices has become very high profile especially with regard to financial markets and investing financial institutions. This paper reveals a new conceptual framework for fund management (FM) based on field based empirical patterns and literature analysis. This is used...

The 1996 Jaffee v Redmond US Supreme Court decision established a privilege for psychotherapeutic communications in the federal courts. The new privilege has both substantive and symbolic importance. In its strongly worded opinion in Jaffee v Redmond, the US Supreme Court made clear that confidentiality in psychotherapy takes precedence over certain other important societal goals. The new Healt...