Effective population size (N(e)) is a key parameter for understanding evolutionary processes, but it is generally not considered in epidemiological studies or in studying infections of individual hosts. Whether N(e) has an effect on the onset of symptoms and viral accumulation in Tobacco etch virus (TEV) infection of Nicotiana tabacum plants is considered here. Using mixtures of TEV variants ca...

the effect of 6-month water storage on microleakage of two-component self-etch adhesive systems      dr. mohammadibasir m .,1 dr. seyed tabaii e .2   1 assistant professor, department of operative dentistry , school of dentistry, shahed university. tehran , iran.   2 dentist.     (received 5 dec, 2010 accepted 14 april, 2011)     abstract     background and aim : simplification of the self-etch...

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of chlorhexidine (CHX) concentration on the microtensile bond strength (muTBS) of contemporary adhesive systems. Eighty bovine central incisors were used in this study. The facial enamel surface of the crowns was abraded with 600-grit silicon carbide paper to expose flat, mid-coronal dentin surfaces. The tested materials were Scotchbond...

In a microfluidic ultrasonic separator device, the microchannel geometry is inherently angular due to the anisotropic etch processes used. A CFD model is used to investigate eddy formation induced by this angular geometry. Results are applicable to various microfluidic devices and show that certain etch patterns significantly reduce eddy formation. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Semiconductor multilayer and device fabrication is a complex task in electronics opto-electronics. Layer dry etching one of the process steps to achieve specific lateral design. In situ real-time monitoring etch depth will be necessary if high precision required. Nondestructive optical techniques are methods choice. Reflectance anisotropy spectroscopy equipment has been used monitor accurate du...

PURPOSE Over the past years, the adhesion of fiber posts luted with simplified adhesive systems has been a matter of great interest. The aim of this study was to assess the post retentive potential of a self-adhesive resin cement using different adhesive systems to compare the push-out bond strengths of fiber posts. MATERIALS AND METHODS The post spaces of 56 mandibular premolar roots were pr...

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this paper was to review current literature on the clinical effectiveness of contemporary adhesives when used to restore cervical non-carious class-V lesions. Restoration retention in function of time was recorded in order to find out if adhesives with a simplified application procedure are as clinically effective as conventional three-step adhesives. DATA SOURCES Li...

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM The bond strength between restorative material and tooth structure is so important for conduction of durable restoration. Considering the recent attention to low shrinkage composite resins, evaluation of micro tensile bond strength of these materials would be valuable. OBJECTIVES To compare the microtensile bond strength of silorane composite resin (Filtek P90) with the c...

OBJECTIVES The aim was to determine the effect of blood contamination and haemostatic agent application on the shear bond strength (SBS) of different adhesives to dentin. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy-two extracted human molars were used in this study. Teeth were mounted acrylic in moulds. Mesial and distal surfaces were removed to obtain flat dentin surfaces (n=144) and grinded with a 600 gr...