Underground pedestrian systems (UPS) have been developed worldwide especially in the central areas of mega cities. They are integrated with subway systems, underground shopping streets and malls, and the basement of department stores in various forms and integrated with commerce, transport, retailing and public usage in urban functions. In cities with severe weather conditions such as Toronto a...

T T7 That is the future of our public space? Not an unreasonable question \ A/ to 35 k as we stand at the threshold of a new century. A hundred Y V years ago this question probably would not have crossed our minds. There was then no reason to be concerned about the future of public space, for it was a time when the urban park systems of many major U.S. cities were experiencing remarkable growth...

With the economic development of China, air pollutants are also growing rapidly in recent decades, especially in big cities of the country. To understand the relationship between economic condition and air pollutants in big cities, we analysed the socioeconomic indictors such as Gross Regional Product per capita (GRP per capita), the concentration of air pollutants (PM10, SO2, NO2) and the air ...

Many municipal governments in developing countries are experiencing serious difficulties in dealing with the rapid growth of population in cities. Catalysed through processes of globalisation, the growth of cities, especially the so-called mega-cities , has not been matched by investments in infrastructure like roads and power due to the inability of local government organizations to collect ad...

introduction: inequalities in urban environment are a significant concern. socioeconomic level plays an important role in these inequalities. inequality in environmental hazards is recognized as potential determinants of health disparities. materials & methods: in this study, we used individual and cumulative environmental hazard inequality indices to compare the inequality among 379 neighborho...

Introduction The demand for office locations has been growing rapidly during recent decades. This has been the consequence of several important developments in the economy, including an increasing emphasis on the service sector. In addition, decreasing transport costs and reductions in trade restrictions are giving firms a stronger international orientation (Dunning and Norman, 1987). A related...