UNLABELLED In the absence of a tight control of copper entrance into cells, bacteria have evolved different systems to control copper concentration within the cytoplasm and the periplasm. Central to these systems, the Cu(+) ATPase CopA plays a major role in copper tolerance and translocates copper from the cytoplasm to the periplasm. The fate of copper in the periplasm varies among species. Cop...

Copper-resistant strains of Pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato accumulate copper and develop blue colonies on copper-containing media. Three of the protein products of the copper-resistance operon (cop) were characterized to provide an understanding of the copper-resistance mechanism and its relationship to copper accumulation. The Cop proteins, CopA (72 kDa), CopB (39 kDa), and CopC (12 kDa)...

The trace element copper is vital to the healthy functioning of organisms. Copper is used in a multitude of cellular activities including respiration, angiogenesis, and immune responses. Like other metals, copper homeostasis is a tightly regulated process. Copper is transported from dietary intake through the serum and into cells via a variety of transporters. There are a variety of copper chap...

The physiological and biochemical responses of two green algae Ankistrodesmus falcatus and Chlorella vulgaris to copper sulphate were investigated. In this experiment both Ankistrodesmus and Chlorella cultures were treated with copper sulphate concentrations ranging from 0. 5 to 250 μM. The influence of copper on growth and metabolism was determined. Ankistrodesmus grown at 250 μM copper sulpha...

Explaining altruistic cooperation is one of the greatest challenges faced by sociologists, economists, and evolutionary biologists. The problem is determining why an individual would carry out a costly behavior that benefits another. Possible solutions to this problem include kinship, repeated interactions, and policing. Another solution that has recently received much attention is the threat o...

Nearly two million more young Americans under the age of 30 voted in the 2008 presidential elections as compared to the 2004 elections, according to new Census data analyzed and released by CIRCLE. The increase is a continuation of the trend observed in the 2004 and 2006 elections. Youth turnout was 11 percentage points higher than in 1996, which was the low point after decades of decline. Whil...

Webster’s asserts that color is “a phenomenon of light or visual perception that enables one to differentiate otherwise identical objects,” and then goes on to say that the Latin root is celare, “to conceal.” It’s a fine definition, because human perception of color is seamless to the extent that it conceals from us almost every causal detail. This talk will discuss common sources of light, the...

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