The concept of co-optation offers vocabulary to discuss how concerns and demands of feminist movements are transformed on their way to, and within, mainstream organizations and policymaking. However, applications of this concept can have problematic implications, failing to grasp the complexity of social change efforts and contributing to divisions, rather than alliances, between different grou...

Gender equality is a global norm, and the existing norm mechanisms attribute to trade unions globally stakeholder position in diffusion promotion. This well-articulated official documents institutions within United Nations (UN) regime that collaborates with both local international accordingly. Complementarily, collaborate UN bodies of gender their localities. Nevertheless, this multi-layered p...

The issue of gender equality in employment has given rise to numerous policies in advanced industrial countries, all aimed at tackling gender discrimination regarding recruitment, salary and promotion. Yet gender inequalities in the workplace persist. The purpose of this research is to document the psychosocial process involved in the persistence of gender discrimination against working women. ...

The notion of rough sets is generalized by using an arbitrary binary relation on attribute values in information systems, instead of the trivial equality relation. The relation, not necessarily equivalence, between objects are defined in terms of relationships between attribute values. The adoption of other types of relations enables us to define various classes of rough set models. This study ...

OBJECTIVE Considering both the economic crisis of 2008 and the Gender Equality Law (2007), this study analyses the association between gender inequality in Spanish Autonomous Communities (AC) and intimate partner violence (IPV) from 2006 to 2014 in terms of socio-demographic characteristics. METHODS Ecological study in the 17 Spanish AC on the correlation between the reported cases by IPV and...

The values and attitudes towards gender roles are often investigated and compared from a cross-country perspective without the proper statistical treatment of the measurement invariance (MI) assessment. This implies that the conclusions based on composite scales of gender norms, gender role attitudes or gender egalitarianism, to name only a few, may be questionable. In this study, we address th...

Title: Constitutionalizing Gender Difference: Implications for Women’s Rights Advocacy in the Southern Cone Authors: Druscilla L. Scribner, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh and Priscilla A. Lambert, Western Michigan University Abstract: This paper examines the use of gender in constitutions and its significance for gender equality. New democracies, and some older ones, are increasingly including...

The Fourth World Conference on Women, held in Beijing in 1995, was critical in making gender equality a development goal and adopted gender-mainstreaming as its primary mechanism to achieve this. Effective implementation of gender-mainstreaming involves changing both the internal organization and the external operations of development agencies to ensure that gender is integrated throughout the ...

The unification of a strong and authoritarian state with religious laws and institutions after the 1979 revolution in Iran has resulted in the creation of a dualistic state structure in which non-elected and non-accountable state authorities and institutions-the majority of whom have not accepted either the primacy of democracy nor the premise of equality between men and women (or Muslims and n...