What political legacy is bequeathed by national health crises such as epidemics? We show that epidemic exposure in an individual’s “impressionable years” (ages 18 to 25) has a persistent negative effect on confidence institutions and leaders. The specific the impressionable ages, observed only for leaders, does not carry over other individuals with one key exception. That exception strong effects...

We study whether fiscal policies, especially public debt, can help to curb the macroeconomic and health consequences of epidemics. Our approach is based on three main features: we introduce dynamics epidemics in an overlapping generations model take into account that old people are more vulnerable; easily infected when pollution high; spending care debt be used tackle effects show policies prom...

Poliomyelitis is an age old disease, but it was only clearly recognized as a clinical entity in the first half of the last century. Until the middle of last century it usually occurred in endemic sporadic form. Small outbreaks were recorded in St. Helena, i834, in England, I834, and in the United States, I843. The first large. epidemic occurred in Scandinavia in i868. In the I890's large epidem...

Influenza epidemics causes significant health issues and economic burden to the society. It is estimated that the annual epidemics result in 3 to 5 million cases of severe illness, and about 250,000 to 500,000 deaths worldwide (WHO, 2016). Economically, the influenza epidemics contribute a $87.1 billion burden on the United States (US) alone each year (Molinari et al., 2007). One way to reduce ...

The origin of cholera has been elusive, even though scientific evidence clearly shows it is a waterborne disease. However, standard bacteriological procedures for isolation of the cholera vibrio from environmental samples, including water, between epidemics generally were unsuccessful. Vibrio cholerae, a marine vibrio, requiring salt for growth, enters into a dormant, viable but nonculturable s...

Poliomyelitis is an age old disease, but it was only clearly recognized as a clinical entity in the first half of the last century. Until the middle of last century it usually occurred in endemic sporadic form. Small outbreaks were recorded in St. Helena, i834, in England, I834, and in the United States, I843. The first large. epidemic occurred in Scandinavia in i868. In the I890's large epidem...